Betzig, E. & Trautman, J. K. Near-field optics: microscopy, spectroscopy, and surface modification beyond the diffraction limit. Science 257 , 189–195 (1992)..

Meng, Y. J. et al. Bright single-nanocrystal upconversion at sub 0.5 W cm −2 irradiance via coupling to single nanocavity mode. Nat. Photonics 17 , 73–81 (2023)..

Choi, H., Heuck, M. & Englund, D. Self-similar nanocavity design with ultrasmall mode volume for single-photon nonlinearities. Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 , 223605 (2017)..

Benz, F. et al. Single-molecule optomechanics in "picocavities". Science 354 , 726–729 (2016)..

Siday, T. et al. All-optical subcycle microscopy on atomic length scales. Nature 629 , 329–334 (2024)..

Yang, B. et al. Sub-nanometre resolution in single-molecule photoluminescence imaging. Nat. Photonics 14 , 693–699 (2020)..

Atabaki, A. H. et al. Integrating photonics with silicon nanoelectronics for the next generation of systems on a chip. Nature 556 , 349–354 (2018)..

Wang, P. et al. Molecular plasmonics with metamaterials. Chem. Rev. 122 , 15031–15081 (2022)..

Albrechtsen, M. et al. Nanometer-scale photon confinement in topology-optimized dielectric cavities. Nat. Commun. 13 , 6281 (2022)..

Babar, A. N. et al. Self-assembled photonic cavities with atomic-scale confinement. Nature 624 , 57–63 (2023)..

Ouyang, Y. H. et al. Singular dielectric nanolaser with atomic-scale field localization. Nature 632 , 287–293 (2024)..

Li, W. C. et al. Bright optical eigenmode of 1 nm 3 mode volume. Phys. Rev. Lett. 126 , 257401 (2021)..

Yang, Y. X. et al. Generating a nanoscale blade-like optical field in a coupled nanofiber pair. Photonics Res. 12 , 154 (2024)..

Yang, L. et al. Generating a sub-nanometer-confined optical field in a nanoslit waveguiding mode. Adv. Photonics 5 , 046003 (2023)..

Wu, H. et al. Photonic nanolaser with extreme optical field confinement. Phys. Rev. Lett. 129 , 013902 (2022)..

Wu, H. et al. Plasmonic nanolasers: pursuing extreme lasing conditions on nanoscale. Adv. Opt. Mater. 7 , 1900334 (2019)..

Wang, F. & Shen, Y. R. General properties of local plasmons in metal nanostructures. Phys. Rev. Lett. 97 , 206806 (2006)..

Kuznetsov, A. I. et al. Optically resonant dielectric nanostructures. Science 354 , aag2472 (2016)..

Hecht, B. et al. Scanning near-field optical microscopy with aperture probes: fundamentals and applications. J. Chem. Phys. 112 , 7761–7774 (2000)..

Rotenberg, N. & Kuipers, L. Mapping nanoscale light fields. Nat. Photonics 8 , 919–926 (2014)..

Eisele, M. et al. Ultrafast multi-terahertz nano-spectroscopy with sub-cycle temporal resolution. Nat. Photonics 8 , 841–845 (2014)..

Cinchetti, M. et al. Photoemission electron microscopy as a tool for the investigation of optical near fields. Phys. Rev. Lett. 95 , 047601 (2005)..

Fitzgerald, J. P. S. et al. Photonic near-field imaging in multiphoton photoemission electron microscopy. Phys. Rev. B 87 , 205419 (2013)..

Li, Y. L. et al. Revealing low-loss dielectric near-field modes of hexagonal boron nitride by photoemission electron microscopy. Nat. Commun. 14 , 4837 (2023)..

Fitzgerald, J. P. S., Word, R. C. & Könenkamp, R. Subwavelength visualization of light in thin film waveguides with photoelectrons. Phys. Rev. B 89 , 195129 (2014)..

Yang, L. et al. Weak-disturbance imaging and characterization of ultra-confined optical near fields. Light Sci. Appl. 14 , 358 (2025)..

Cotte, Y. et al. Marker-free phase nanoscopy. Nat. Photonics 7 , 113–117 (2013)..

Kim, T. et al. White-light diffraction tomography of unlabelled live cells. Nat. Photonics 8 , 256–263 (2014)..

Weiß, S. et al. Exploring three-dimensional orbital imaging with energy-dependent photoemission tomography. Nat. Commun. 6 , 8287 (2015)..

Fukumoto, K. et al. Direct imaging of electron recombination and transport on a semiconductor surface by femtosecond time-resolved photoemission electron microscopy. Appl. Phys. Lett. 104 , 053117 (2014)..

Fukumoto, K. et al. Femtosecond time-resolved photoemission electron microscopy for spatiotemporal imaging of photogenerated carrier dynamics in semiconductors. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 85 , 083705 (2014)..

Oh, C. et al. Extending rytov approximation to vector waves for tomography of anisotropic materials. Phys. Rev. Lett. 134 , 068101 (2025)..

Bennecke, W. et al. Table-top three-dimensional photoemission orbital tomography with a femtosecond extreme ultraviolet light source. Print at https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.18269 https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.18269 (2025).

Dinh, T. L. et al. A minimalist approach to 3D photoemission orbital tomography: algorithms and data requirements. New J. Phys. 26 , 043024 (2024)..

Rivenson, Y. et al. Phase recovery and holographic image reconstruction using deep learning in neural networks. Light Sci. Appl. 7 , 17141 (2018)..

Rivenson, Y. et al. Deep learning microscopy. Optica 4 , 1437–1443 (2017)..