Coding metamaterials, digital metamaterials and programmable metamaterials

Tie Jun Cui; Mei Qing Qi; Xiang Wan; Jie Zhao; Qiang Cheng

doi:10.1038/lsa.2014.99

Go to Nature Website

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

Coding metamaterials, digital metamaterials and programmable metamaterials

Original Articles

- Coding metamaterials, digital metamaterials and programmable metamaterials
- Light: Science & Applications Vol. 3, Issue 4, (2014)
- Affiliations：
  
  1.State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
  2.Cooperative Innovation Centre of Terahertz Science, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 611731, China
- Author bio：
  
  Professor TJ Cui, State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China Email: tjcui@seu.edu.cn
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1038/lsa.2014.99
  CLC：
- Published：2014-12，
  
  Published Online：24 October 2014，
  
  Received：12 August 2014，
  
  Revised：05 September 2014，
  
  Accepted：09 September 2014
- Accepted：
Scan QR Code
Cui, T. J. et al. Coding metamaterials, digital metamaterials and programmable metamaterials. Light: Science & Applications, 3, e218 (2014).
DOI：

Cui, T. J. et al. Coding metamaterials, digital metamaterials and programmable metamaterials. Light: Science & Applications, 3, e218 (2014). DOI： 10.1038/lsa.2014.99.

摘要

Abstract

Metamaterials are artificial structures that are usually described by effective medium parameters on the macroscopic scale

and these metamaterials are referred to as 'analog metamaterials'. Here

we propose 'digital metamaterials' through two steps. First

we present 'coding metamaterials' that are composed of only two types of unit cells

with 0 and

phase responses

which we name '0' and '1' elements

respectively. By coding '0' and '1' elements with controlled sequences (i.e.

1-bit coding)

we can manipulate electromagnetic (EM) waves and realize different functionalities. The concept of coding metamaterials can be extended from 1-bit coding to 2-bit coding or higher. In 2-bit coding

four types of unit cells

with phase responses of 0

and 3

are required to mimic the '00'

'01'

'10' and '11' elements

respectively. The 2-bit coding has greater freedom than 1-bit coding for controlling EM waves. Second

we propose a unique metamaterial particle that has either a '0' or '1' response controlled by a biased diode. Based on this particle

we present 'digital metamaterials' with unit cells that possess either a '0' or '1' state. Using a field-programmable gate array

we realize digital control over the digital metamaterial. By programming different coding sequences

a single digital metamaterial has the ability to manipulate EM waves in different manners

thereby realizing 'programmable metamaterials'. The above concepts and physical phenomena are c

onfirmed through numerical simulations and experiments using metasurfaces.

关键词

Keywords

codingdigitalmetamaterialmetasurfaceprogrammable

references

Cui TJ, Smith DR, Liu R.Metamaterials: Theory, Design, and Applications. New York: Springer Science&Business Media; 2009.

Veselago VG. The electrodynamics of substances with simultaneously negative values ofεandμ.Soviet Phys Uspekhi1968;10: 509–514..

Shelby RA, Smith DR, Schultz S. Experimental verification of a negative index of refraction.Science2001;292: 77–79..

Pendry JB. Negative refraction makes a perfect lens.Phys Rev Lett2000;85: 3966–3969..

Pendry JB, Schurig D, Smith DR. Controlling electromagnetic fields.Science2006;312: 1780–1782..

Leonhardt U. Optical conformal mapping.Science2006;312: 1777–1780..

Schurig D, Mock JJ, Justice BJ, Cummer SA, Pendry JBet al. Metamaterial electromagnetic cloak at microwave frequencies.Science2006;314: 977–980..

Li J, Pendry JB. Hiding under the carpet: a new strategy for cloaking.Phys Rev Lett2008;101: 203901..

Liu R, Ji C, Mock JJ, Chin JY, Cui TJet al. Broadband ground-plane cloak.Science2009;323: 366–369..

Ergin T, Stenger N, Brenner P, Pendry JB, Wegener M. Three-dimensional invisibility cloak at optical wavelengths.Science2010;328: 337–339..

Ma HF, Cui TJ. Three-dimensional broadband ground-plane cloak made of metamaterials.Nat Commun2010;1: 21..

Enoch S, Tayeb G, Sabouroux P, Guérin N, Vincent P. A metamaterial for directive emission.Phys Rev Lett2002;89: 213902..

Silveirinha M, Engheta N. Tunneling of Electromagnetic energy through subwavelength channels and bends usingε-near-zero materials.Phys Rev Lett2006;97: 157403..

Liu R, Cheng Q, Hand T, Mock JJ, Cui TJet al. Experimental demonstration of electromagnetic tunneling through an epsilon-near-zero metamaterial at microwave frequencies.Phys Rev Lett2008;100: 023903..

Zhang B, Luo Y, Liu X, Barbastathis G. Macroscopic invisibility cloak for visible light.Phys Rev Lett2011;106: 033901..

Chen X, Luo Y, Zhang J, Jiang K, Pendry JBet al. Macroscopic invisibility cloaking of visible light.Nat Commun2011;2: 176..

Cheng Q, Jiang WX, Cui TJ. Spatial power combination for omnidirectional radiationviaanisotropic metamaterials.Phys Rev Lett2012;108: 213903..

Blanco A, Chomski E, Grabtchak S, Ibisate M, John Set al. Large-scale synthesis of a silicon photonic crystal with a complete three-dimensional bandgap near 1.5 micrometres.Nature2000;405: 437–440..

Sakoda K.Optical Properties of Photonic Crystals. New York: Springer Science&Business Media; 2005.

Jiang WX, Cui TJ, Cheng Q, Chin JY, Yang XMet al. Design of arbitrarily shaped concentrators based on conformally optical transformation of nonuniform rational B-spline surfaces.Appl Phys Lett2008;92: 264101..

Lai Y, Ng J, Chen H, Han D, Xiao Jet al. Illusion optics: the optical transformation of an object into another object.Phys Rev Lett2009;102: 253902..

Jiang WX, Cui TJ, Yang XM, Ma HF, Cheng Q. Shrinking an arbitrary object as one desires using metamaterials.Appl Phys Lett2011;98: 204101..

Kundtz N, Smith DR. Extreme-angle broadband metamaterial lens.Nat Mater2010;9: 129–132..

Ma HF, Cui TJ. Three-dimensional broadband ground-plane cloak made of metamaterials.Nat Commun2010;1: 21..

Smith DR, Mock JJ, Starr AF, Schurig D. Gradient index metamaterials.Phys Rev E2005;71: 036609..

Hao Y, Mittra R.FDTD Modeling of Metamaterials: Theory and Applications. Boston: Artech House; 2009.

Chen X, Ma HF, Zou XY, Jiang WX, Cui TJ. Three-dimensional broadband and high-directivity lens antenna made of metamaterials.J Appl Phys2011;110: 044904..

Lier E, Werner DH, Scarborough CP, Wu Q, Bossard JA. An octave-bandwidth negligible-loss radiofrequency metamaterial.Nat Mater2011;10: 216–222..

Jiang WX, Qiu CW, Han TC, Cheng Q, Ma HFet al. Broadband all-dielectric magnifying lens for far-field high-resolution imaging.Adv Mater2013;25: 6963–6968..

Yang XM, Zhou XY, Cheng Q, Ma HF, Cui TJ. Diffuse reflections by randomly gradient index metamaterials.Opt Lett2010;35: 808–810..

Silva A, Monticone F, Castaldi G, Galdi V, Alù Aet al. Performing mathematical operations with metamaterials.Science2014;343: 160–163..

Yu N, Genevet P, Kats MA, Aieta F, Tetienne JPet al. Light propagation with phase discontinuities: generalized laws of reflection and refraction.Science2011;334: 333–337..

Ni X, Emani NK, Kildishev AV, Boltasseva A, Shalaev VM. Broadband light bending with plasmonic nanoantennas.Science2012;335: 427..

Sun S, He Q, Xiao S, Xu Q, Li Xet al. Gradient-index meta-surfaces as a bridge linking propagating waves and surface waves.Nat Mater2012;11: 426–431..

Yin X, Ye Z, Rho J, Wang Y, Zhang X. Photonic spin hall effect at metasurfaces.Science2013;339: 1405–1407..

Lin J, Mueller JP, Wang Q, Yuan G, Antoniou Net al. Polarization-controlled tunable directional coupling of surface plasmon polaritons.Science2013;340: 331–334..

Miroshnichenko AE, Kivshar YS. Polarization traffic control for surface plasmons.Science2013;340: 283–284..

Grady NK, Heyes JE, Chowdhury DR, Zeng Y, Reiten MTet al. Terahertz metamaterials for linear polarization conversion and anomalous refraction.Science2013;340: 1304–1307..

Della Giovampaola C, Engheta N. Digital metamaterials.Cond Matter Mater Sci2014; ArXiv: 1403.6488. Available athttp://arxiv.org/abs/1403.6488http://arxiv.org/abs/1403.6488(accessed 23 August 2014)..

Paquay M, Iriarte JC, Ederra I, Gonzalo R, de Maagt P. Thin AMC structure for radar cross-section reduction.IEEE Trans Antennas Propag2007;55: 3630–3638..

Mait JN. Design of binary-phase and multiphase Fourier gratings for array generation.J Opt Soc Am A1990;7:1514–1528..

Wang MR, Su H. Laser direct-write gray-level mask and one-step etching for diffractive microlens fabrication.Appl Opt1998;37: 7568–7576..

Coomber SD, Cameron CD, Hughes JR, Sheerin DT, Slinger CWet al. Optically addressed spatial light modulators for replaying computer-generated holograms.Proc SPIE2001;4457: 9–19..

Shrekenhamer D, Montoya J, Krishna S, Padilla WJ. Four-color metamaterial absorber THz spatial light modulator.Adv Opt Mater2013;1: 905–909..

Savo S, Shrekenhamer D, Padilla WJ. Liquid crystal metamaterial absorber spatial light modulator for THz applications.Adv Opt Mater2014;2: 275–279..

Chan WL, Chen HT, Taylor AJ, Brener I, Cich MJet al. A spatial light modulator for terahertz beams.Appl Phys Lett2009;94: 213511..

Karl N, Reichel K, Chen HT, Taylor AJ, Brener Iet al. An electrically driven terahertz metamaterial diffractive modulator with more than 20 dB of dynamic range.Appl Phys Lett2014;104: 091115..

Landy NI, Sajuyigbe S, Mock JJ, Smith DR, Padilla WJ. Perfect metamaterial absorber.Phys Rev Lett2008;100: 207402..

Chen HT, Zhou J, O'Hara JF, Chen F, Azad AKet al. Antireflection coating using metamaterials and identification of its mechanism.Phys Rev Lett2010;105: 073901..

Maxfield C.The Design Warrior's Guide to FPGAs: Devices, Tools and Flows. Oxford: Elsevier; 2004.

Views

Downloads

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

Submit

Tools

Publicity Resources

Information entropy of coding metasurface

High-efficiency surface plasmon meta-couplers: concept and microwave-regime realizations

Broadband diffusion of terahertz waves by multi-bit coding metasurfaces

Giant intrinsic chiro-optical activity in planar dielectric nanostructures

Spiniform phase-encoded metagratings entangling arbitrary rational-order orbital angular momentum

Related Author

Tie-Jun Cui

Shuo Liu

Lian-Lin Li

Qiong He

Wujiong Sun

Shulin Sun

Lei Zhou

Pei-Heng Wu

Related Institution

School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Sciences, Peking University

Synergetic Innovation Center of Wireless Communication Technology, Southeast University

Innovation Centre of Terahertz Science, No. 4, Section 2, North Jianshe Road

Department of Radio Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, 2 Si-Pai-Lou

State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), Fudan University

⁰