Information entropy of coding metasurface

Tie-Jun Cui; Shuo Liu; Lian-Lin Li

doi:10.1038/lsa.2016.172

Go to Nature Website

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

Information entropy of coding metasurface

Original Articles

- Information entropy of coding metasurface
- Light: Science & Applications Vol. 5, Issue 4, (2016)
- Affiliations：
  
  1.Department of Radio Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, 2 Si-Pai-Lou, Nanjing 210096, China
  2.Innovation Centre of Terahertz Science, No. 4, Section 2, North Jianshe Road, Chengdu 610054, China
  3.Synergetic Innovation Center of Wireless Communication Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
  4.School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Author bio：
  
  TJ Cui, Email: tjcui@seu.edu.cn
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1038/lsa.2016.172
  CLC：
- Published：2016-12，
  
  Published Online：03 June 2016，
  
  Received：16 February 2016，
  
  Revised：22 May 2016，
  
  Accepted：02 June 2016
- Accepted：
Scan QR Code
Cui, T. J., Liu, S. & Li, L. L. Information entropy of coding metasurface. Light: Science & Applications, 5, e16172 (2016).
DOI：

Cui, T. J., Liu, S. & Li, L. L. Information entropy of coding metasurface. Light: Science & Applications, 5, e16172 (2016). DOI： 10.1038/lsa.2016.172.

摘要

Abstract

Because of their exceptional capability to tailor the effective medium parameters

metamaterials have been widely used to control electromagnetic waves

which has led to the observation of many interesting phenomena

for example

negative refraction

invisibility cloaking

and anomalous reflections and transmissions. However

the studies of metamaterials or metasurfaces are mainly limited to their physical features; currently

there is a lack of viewpoints on metamaterials and metasurfaces from the information perspective. Here we propose to measure the information of a coding metasurface using Shannon entropy. We establish an analytical connection between the coding pattern of an arbitrary coding metasurface and its far-field pattern. We introduce geometrical entropy to describe the information of the coding pattern (or coding sequence) and physical entropy to describe the information of the far-field pattern of the metasurface. The coding metasurface is demonstrated to enhance the information in transmitting messages

and the amount of enhanced information can be manipulated by designing the coding pattern with different information entropies. The proposed concepts and entropy control method will be helpful in new information systems (for example

communication

radar and imaging) that are based on the coding metasurfaces.

关键词

Keywords

codingentropyinformationmetasurface

references

Smith DR, Pendry JB. Homogenization of metamaterials by field averaging (invited paper).J Opt Soc Am B2006;23: 391–403..

Liu RP, Cui TJ, Huang D, Zhao B, Smith DR. Description and explanation of electromagnetic behaviors in artificial metamaterials based on effective medium theory.Phys Rev E2007;76: 026606..

Veselago VG. The electrodynamics of substances with simultaneously negative values of ɛ and μ.Sov Phys Usp1968;10: 509–514..

Enoch S, Tayeb G, Sabouroux P, Guerin N, Vincent P. A metamaterial for directive emission.Phys Rev Lett2002;89: 213902..

Kundtz N, Smith DR. Extreme-angle broadband metamaterial lens.Nat Mater2010;9: 129–132..

Jiang WX, Qiu CW, Han TC, Cheng Q, Ma HFet al. Broadband all-dielectric magnifying lens for far-field high-resolution imaging.Adv Mater2013;25: 6963–6968..

Chen HS, Wu BI, Zhang BL, Kong JA. Erratum: electromagnetic wave interactions with a metamaterial cloak.Phys Rev Lett2007;99: 149901..

Lai Y, Chen HY, Zhang ZQ, Chan CT. Complementary media invisibility cloak that cloaks objects at a distance outside the cloaking shell.Phys Rev Lett2009;102: 093901..

Pendry JB, Schurig D, Smith DR. Controlling electromagnetic fields.Science2006;312: 1780–1782..

Leonhardt U. Optical conformal mapping.Science2006;312: 1777–1780..

Narimanov EE, Kildishev AV. Optical black hole: broadband omnidirectional light absorber.Appl Phys Lett2009;95: 041106..

Pendry JB. Negative refraction makes a perfect lens.Phys Rev Lett2000;85: 3966–3969..

Schurig D, Mock JJ, Justice BJ, Cummer SA, Pendry JBet al. Metamaterial electromagnetic cloak at microwave frequencies.Science2006;314: 977–980..

Li JS, Pendry JB. Hiding under the carpet: a new strategy for cloaking.Phys Rev Lett2008;101: 203901..

Liu R, Ji C, Mock JJ, Chin JY, Cui TJet al. Broadband ground-plane cloak.Science2009;323: 366–369..

Ergin T, Stenger N, Brenner P, Pendry JB, Wegener M. Three-dimensional invisibility cloak at optical wavelengths.Science2010;328: 337–339..

Ma HF, Cui TJ. Three-dimensional broadband ground-plane cloak made of metamaterials.Nat Commun2010;1: 21..

Lai Y, Ng J, Chen HY, Han DZ, Xiao JJet al. Illusion optics: the optical transformation of an object into another object.Phys Rev Lett2009;102: 253902..

Jiang WX, Cui TJ. Radar illusion via metamaterials.Phys Rev E2011;83: 026601..

Rahm M, Cummer SA, Schurig D, Pendry JB, Smith DR. Optical design of reflectionless complex media by finiteembedded coordinate transformations.Phys Rev Lett2008;100: 063903..

Chen HY, Chan CT. Transformation media that rotate electromagnetic fields.Appl Phys Lett2007;90: 241105..

Cheng Q, Cui TJ, Jiang WX, Cai BG. An omnidirectional electromagnetic absorber made of metamaterials.New J Phys2010;12: 063006..

Sheng C, Liu H, Wang Y, Zhu SN, Genov DA. Trapping light by mimicking gravitational lensing.Nat Photon2013;7: 902–906..

Yu NF, Genevet P, Kats MA, Aieta F, Tetienne JPet al. Light propagation with phase discontinuities: generalized laws of reflection and refraction.Science2011;334: 333–337..

Sun SL, He Q, Xiao SY, Xu Q, Li Xet al. Gradient-index meta-surfaces as a bridge linking propagating waves and surface waves.Nat Mater2012;11: 426–431..

Engheta N. Antenna-guided light.Science2011;334: 317–318..

Ni XJ, Emani NK, Kildishev AV, Boltasseva A, Shalaev VM. Broadband light bending with plasmonic nanoantennas.Science2012;335: 427..

Yin XB, Ye ZL, Rho J, Wang Y, Zhang X. Photonic spin hall effect at metasurfaces.Science2013;339: 1405–1407..

Lin J, Mueller JPB, Wang Q, Yuan GH, Antoniou Net al. Polarization-controlled tunable directional coupling of surface plasmon polaritons.Science2013;340: 331–334..

Miroshnichenko AE, Kivshar YS. Polarization traffic control for surface plasmons.Science2013;340: 283–284..

Grady NK, Heyes JE, Chowdhury DR, Zeng Y, Reiten MTet al. Terahertz metamaterials for linear polarization conversion and anomalous refraction.Science2013;340: 1304–1307..

Ma HF, Cui TJ. Three-dimensional broadband and broad-angle transformation-optics lens.Nat Commun2010;1: 124..

Zhou XY, Zou XY, Yang Y, Ma HF, Cui TJ. Three-dimensional large-aperture lens antennas with gradient refractive index.Sci China Inform Sci2013;56: 120410..

Caloz C, Itoh T.Electromagnetic Metamaterials: Transmission Line Theory and Microwave Applications. NJ, USA: John Wiley&Sons; 2004.

Cui TJ, Qi MQ, Wan X, Zhao J, Cheng Q. Coding metamaterials, digital metamaterials and programmable metamaterials.Light Sci Appl2014;3: e218..

Gao LH, Cheng Q, Yang J, Ma SJ, Zhao Jet al. Broadband diffusion of terahertz waves by multi-bit coding metasurfaces.Light Sci Appl2015;4: e324..

Liang LJ, Qi MQ, Yang J, Shen XP, Zhai JQet al. Anomalous terahertz reflection and scattering by flexible and conformal coding metamaterials.Adv Opt Mater2015;3: 1374–1380..

Borko H. Information science: what is it?Am Doc1968;19: 3–5..

Shannon CE. A mathematical theory of communication.Bell Syst Tech J1948;27: 379–423..

Toffoli T, Margolus N.Cellular Automata Machines: a New Environment for Modeling. Cambridge: The MIT Press; 1987.

Nayeri P, Yang F, Elsherbeni AZ. Beam-scanning reflectarray antennas: a technical overview and state of the art.IEEE Antennas Propag Mag2015;57: 32–47..

Nayeri P, Yang F, Elsherbeni AZ. Bifocal design and aperture phase optimizations of reflectarray antennas for wide-angle beam scanning performance.IEEE Trans Antennas Propag2013;61: 4588–4597..

Hum SV, Perruisseau-Carrier J. Reconfigurable reflectarrays and array lenses for dynamic antenna beam control: a review.IEEE Trans Antennas Propag2014;62: 183–198..

Hunt J, Driscoll T, Mrozack A, Lipworth G, Reynolds Met al. Metamaterial apertures for computational imaging.Science2013;339: 310–313..

Views

Downloads

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

Submit

Tools

Publicity Resources

Giant intrinsic chiro-optical activity in planar dielectric nanostructures

Spiniform phase-encoded metagratings entangling arbitrary rational-order orbital angular momentum

High-resolution grayscale image hidden in a laser beam

Enhanced optical performance of multifocal metalens with conic shapes

Multifunctional interleaved geometric-phase dielectric metasurfaces

Related Author

Aun Zaidi

Federico Capasso

Cheng-Wei Qiu

Vyshakh Sanjeev

Mohammadreza Khorasaninejad

Yao-Wei Huang

Wei Ting Chen

Alexander Y Zhu

Related Institution

University of Waterloo, Waterloo

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore

John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University

Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research

Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China

⁰