Metallic nanostructures for efficient LED lighting

Gabriel Lozano; Said RK Rodriguez; Marc A Verschuuren; Jaime Gómez Rivas

doi:10.1038/lsa.2016.80

Go to Nature Website

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

Metallic nanostructures for efficient LED lighting

Review

- Metallic nanostructures for efficient LED lighting
- Light: Science & Applications Vol. 5, Issue 3, (2016)
- Affiliations：
  
  1.Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Sevilla (CSIC-US), 41092 Sevilla, Spain
  2.Laboratoire de Photonique et de Nanostructures (LPN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 91460 Marcoussis, France
  3.Philips Research Laboratories, 5656AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
  4.Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, 5600 HH Eindhoven, The Netherlands
  5.COBRA Research Institute, Technical University of Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Author bio：
  
  G Lozano, Email: g.lozano@csic.es
  J Gómez Rivas, Email: j.gomezrivas@differ.nl
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1038/lsa.2016.80
  CLC：
- Published：2016-09，
  
  Published Online：26 January 2016，
  
  Received：02 August 2015，
  
  Revised：10 December 2015，
  
  Accepted：25 January 2016
- Accepted：
Scan QR Code
Lozano, G. et al. Metallic nanostructures for efficient LED lighting. Light: Science & Applications, 5, e16080 (2016).
DOI：

Lozano, G. et al. Metallic nanostructures for efficient LED lighting. Light: Science & Applications, 5, e16080 (2016). DOI： 10.1038/lsa.2016.80.

摘要

Abstract

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are driving a shift toward energy-efficient illumination. Nonetheless

modifying the emission intensities

colors and directionalities of LEDs in specific ways remains a challenge often tackled by incorporating secondary optical components. Metallic nanostructures supporting plasmonic resonances are an interesting alternative to this approach due to their strong light–matter interaction

which facilitates control over light emission without requiring external secondary optical components. This review discusses new methods that enhance the efficiencies of LEDs using nanostructured metals. This is an emerging field that incorporates physics

materials science

device technology and industry. First

we provide a general overview of state-of-the-art LED lighting

discussing the main characteristics required of both quantum wells and color converters to efficiently generate white light. Then

we discuss the main challenges in this field as well as the potential of metallic nanostructures to circumvent them. We review several of the most relevant demonstrations of LEDs in combination with metallic nanostructures

which have resulted in light-emitting devices with improved performance. We also highlight a few recent studies in applied plasmonics that

although exploratory and eminently fundamental

may lead to new solutions in illumination.

关键词

Keywords

light-emitting diodesnanophotonicsplasmonicssolid-state lighting

references

Schubert EF, Kim JK. Solid-state light sources getting smart.Science2005;308: 1274–1278..

Tsao JY, Crawford MH, Coltrin ME, Fisher AJ, Koleske DDet al. Toward smart and ultra-efficient solid-state lighting.Adv Opt Mater2014;2: 809–836..

Round HJ. A note on carborundum.Electr World1907;49: 308..

Losev OV. Luminous carborundum detector and detection with crystals.Telegr Telef Prov1927;44: 485–494..

Wolff GA, Hebert RA, Broder JD. Electroluminescence of GaP.Phys Rev1955;100: 1144–1145..

Braunstein R. Radiative transitions in semiconductors.Phys Rev1955;99: 1892–1893..

Holonyak Jr N, Bevacqua SF. Coherent (visible) light emission from Ga(As1−xPxjunctions.Appl Phys Lett1962;1: 82–83..

Pankove JI. Tunneling-assisted photon emission in gallium arsenide pn junctions.Phys Rev Lett1962;9: 283–285..

Itoh K, Kawamoto T, Amano H, Hiramatsu K, Akasaki I. Metalorganic vapor phase epitaxial growth and properties of GaN/Al0.1Ga0.9N layered structures.Jpn J Appl Phys1991;30: 1924..

Nakamura S, Senoh M, Mukai T. p-GaN/N-InGaN/N-GaN double-heterostructure blue-light-emitting diodes.Jpn J Appl Phys1993;32: L8..

Nakamura S, Mukai T, Senoh M. Candela‐class high‐brightness InGaN/AlGaN double‐heterostructure blue‐light‐emitting diodes.Appl Phys Lett1994;64: 1687–1689..

Krames MR, Shchekin OB, Mueller-Mach R, Mueller GO, Zhou Let al. Status and future of high-power light-emitting diodes for solid-state lighting.J Disp Technol2007;3: 160–175..

Koenderink AF, Alù A, Polman A. Nanophotonics: shrinking light-based technology.Science2015;348: 516–521..

Barnes WL, Dereux A, Ebbesen TW. Surface plasmon subwavelength optics.Nature2003;424: 824–830..

Biteen JS, Pacifici D, Lewis NS, Atwater HA. Enhanced radiative emission rate and quantum efficiency in coupled silicon nanocrystal-nanostructured gold emitters.Nano Lett2005;5: 1768–1773..

Anger P, Bharadwaj P, Novotny L. Enhancement and quenching of single-molecule fluorescence.Phys Rev Lett2006;96: 113002..

Kühn S, Håkanson U, Rogobete L, Sandoghdar V. Enhancement of single-molecule fluorescence using a gold nanoparticle as an optical nanoantenna.Phys Rev Lett2006;97: 017402..

Pillai S, Catchpole KR, Trupke T, Zhang G, Zhao Jet al. Enhanced emission from Si-based light-emitting diodes using surface plasmons.Appl Phys Lett2006;88: 161102..

Muskens OL, Giannini V, Sánchez-Gil JA, Rivas JG. Strong enhancement of the radiative decay rate of emitters by single plasmonic nanoantennas.Nano Lett2007;7: 2871–2875..

Biteen JS, Sweatlock LA, Mertens H, Lewis NS, Polman Aet al. Plasmon-enhanced photoluminescence of silicon quantum dots: simulation and experiment.J Phys Chem C2007;111: 13372–13377..

Iwase H, Englund D, Vučković J. Spontaneous emission control in high-extraction efficiency plasmonic crystals.Opt Express2008;16: 426–434..

Ringler M, Schwemer A, Wunderlich M, Nichtl A, Kürzinger Ket al. Shaping emission spectra of fluorescent molecules with single plasmonic nanoresonators.Phys Rev Lett2008;100: 203002..

Kinkhabwala A, Yu Z F, Fan S H, Avlasevich Y, Müllen Ket al. Large single-molecule fluorescence enhancements produced by a bowtie nanoantenna.Nat Photon2009;3: 654–657..

Vecchi G, Giannini V, Rivas JG. Shaping the fluorescent emission by lattice resonances in plasmonic crystals of nanoantennas.Phys Rev Lett2009;102: 146807..

Bharadwaj P, Deutsch B, Novotny L. Optical antennas.Adv Opt Photonics2009;1: 438–483..

Walters RJ, van Loon RVA, Brunets I, Schmitz J, Polman A. A silicon-based electrical source of surface plasmon polaritons.Nat Mater2010;9: 21–25..

Schuller JA, Barnard ES, Cai W S, Jun YC, White JSet al. Plasmonics for extreme light concentration and manipulation.Nat Mater2010;9: 193–204..

Curto AG, Volpe G, Taminiau TH, Kreuzer MP, Quidant Ret al. Unidirectional emission of a quantum dot coupled to a nanoantenna.Science2010;329: 930–933..

Aouani H, Mahboub O, Bonod N, Devaux E, Popov Eet al. Bright unidirectional fluorescence emission of molecules in a nanoaperture with plasmonic corrugations.Nano Lett2011;11: 637–644..

Aouani H, Mahboub O, Devaux E, Rigneault H, Ebbesen TWet al. Plasmonic antennas for directional sorting of fluorescence emission.Nano Lett2011;11: 2400–2406..

Rodriguez SRK, Lozano G, Verschuuren MA, Gomes R, Lambert Ket al. Quantum rod emission coupled to plasmonic lattice resonances: a collective directional source of polarized light.Appl Phys Lett2012;100: 111103..

Zhou W, Dridi M, Suh JY, Kim CH, Co DTet al. Lasing action in strongly coupled plasmonic nanocavity arrays.Nat Nanotechnol2013;8: 506–511..

Lozano G, Louwers DJ, Rodriguez SRK, Murai S, Jansen OTAet al. Plasmonics for solid-state lighting: enhanced excitation and directional emission of highly efficient light sources.Light Sci Appl2013;2: e66..

Langguth L, Punj D, Wenger J, Koenderink AF. Plasmonic band structure controls single-molecule fluorescence.ACS Nano2013;7: 8840–8848..

Greffet JJ. Nanoantennas for light emission.Science2005;308: 1561–1563..

Mühlschlegel P, Eisler HJ, Martin OJF, Hecht B, Pohl DW. Resonant optical antennas.Science2005;308: 1607–1609..

Gontijo I, Boroditsky M, Yablonovitch E, Keller S, Mishra UKet al. Coupling of InGaN quantum-well photoluminescence to silver surface plasmons.Phys Rev B1999;60: 11564..

Eggleston MS, Messer K, Zhan L, Yablonovitch E, Wu MC. Optical antenna enhanced spontaneous emission.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA2015;112: 1704–1709..

Hecker NE, Höpfel RA, Sawaki N. Enhanced light emission from a single quantum well located near a metal coated surface.Physica E1998;2: 98–101..

Vuckovic J, Loncar M, Scherer A. Surface plasmon enhanced light-emitting diode.IEEE J Quantum Electron2000;36: 1131–1144..

Neogi A, Lee CW, Everitt HO, Kuroda T, Tackeuchi Aet al. Enhancement of spontaneous recombination rate in a quantum well by resonant surface plasmon coupling.Phys Rev B2002;66: 153305..

Lozano G, Grzela G, Verschuuren MA, Ramezani M, Rivas JG. Tailor-made directional emission in nanoimprinted plasmonic-based light-emitting devices.Nanoscale2014;2014: 9223–9229..

Kido J, Kimura M, Nagai K. Multilayer white light-emitting organic electroluminescent device.Science1995;267: 1332–1334..

Sheats JR, Antoniadis H, Hueschen M, Leonard W, Miller Jet al. Organic electroluminescent devices.Science1996;273: 884–888..

D'Andrade BW, Forrest SR. White organic light‐emitting devices for solid‐state lighting.Adv Mater2004;16: 1585–1595..

So F, Kindo J, Burrows P. Organic light-emitting devices for solid-state lighting.MRS Bull2008;33: 663–669..

Reineke S, Lindner F, Schwartz G, Seidler N, Walzer Ket al. White organic light-emitting diodes with fluorescent tube efficiency.Nature2009;459: 234–238..

Tyan YS. Organic light-emitting-diode lighting overview.J Photon Energy2011;1: 011009..

Gather MC, Köhnen A, Meerholz K. White organic light‐emitting diodes.Adv Mater2011;23: 233–248..

Reineke S, Thomschke M, Lüssem B, Leo K. White organic light-emitting diodes: status and perspective.Rev Mod Phys2013;85: 1245–1293..

Pei QB, Yu G, Zhang C, Yang Y, Heeger AJ. Polymer light-emitting electrochemical cells.Science1995;269: 1086–1088..

Meier SB, Tordera D, Pertegás A, Roldán-Carmona C, Ortí Eet al. Light-emitting electrochemical cells: recent progress and future prospects.Mater Today2014;17: 217–223..

Pimputkar S, Speck JS, DenBaars SP, Nakamura S. Prospects for LED lighting.Nat Phtoton2009;3: 180–182..

Žukauskas A, Shur MS, Gaska R.Introduction to Solid-State Lighting. New York: Wiley. 2002.

Steigerwald DA, Bhat JC, Collins D, Fletcher RM, Holcomb MOet al. Illumination with solid state lighting technology.IEEE J Sel Topics Quantum Electron2002;8: 310–320..

Shur MS, Žukauskas A. Solid-state lighting:toward superior illumination.Proc IEEE2005;93: 1691–1703..

Hong YJ, Lee CH, Yoon A, Kim M, Seong HKet al. Visible-color-tunable light-emitting diodes.Adv Mater2011;23: 3284–3288..

Qian F, Gradečak S, Li Y, Wen CY, Lieber CM. Core/multishell nanowire heterostructures as multicolor, high-efficiency light-emitting diodes.Nano Lett2005;5: 2287–2291..

Funato M, Hayashi K, Ueda M, Kawakami Y, Narukawa Yet al. Emission color tunable light-emitting diodes composed of InGaN multifacet quantum wells.Appl Phys Lett2008;93: 021126..

LimbachF, Hauswald C, Lähnemann J, Wölz M, Brandt Oet al. Current path in light emitting diodes based on nanowire ensembles.Nanotechnology2012;23: 465301..

Li SF, Waag A. GaN based nanorods for solid state lighting.J Appl Phys2012;111: 071101..

Bengoechea-Encabo A, Albert S, Lopez-Romero D, Lefebvre P, Barbagini Fet al. Light-emitting-diodes based on ordered InGaN nanocolumns emitting in the blue, green and yellow spectral range.Nanotechnology2014;25: 435203..

Höppe HA. Recent developments in the field of inorganic phosphors.Angew Chem Int Ed Engl2009;48: 3572–3582..

Smet PF, Parmentier AB, Poelman D. Selecting conversion phosphors for white light-emitting diodes.J Electrochem Soc2011;158: R37–R54..

Lin CC, Liu RS. Advances in phosphors for light-emitting diodes.J Phys Chem Lett2011;2: 1268–1277..

Demir HV, Nizamoglu S, Erdem T, Mutlugun E, Gaponik Net al. Quantum dot integrated LEDs using photonic and excitonic color conversion.Nano Today2011;6: 632–647..

Dohnalová K, Poddubny AN, Prokofiev AA, de Boer WDAM, Umesh CPet al. Surface brightens up Si quantum dots: direct bandgap-like size-tunable emission.Light Sci Appl2013;2: e47..

Li XF, Budai JD, Liu F, Howe JY, Zhang JHet al. New yellow Ba0.93Eu0.07Al2O4phosphor for warm-white light-emitting diodes through single-emitting-center conversion.Light Sci Appl2013;2: e50..

Zhang R, Lin H, Yu YL, Chen DQ, Xu Jet al. A new-generation color converter for high-power white LED: transparent Ce3+: YAG phosphor-in-glass.Laser Photon Rev2014;8: 158–164..

Pust P, Weiler V, Hecht C, Tücks A, Wochnik ASet al. Narrow-band red-emitting Sr[LiAl3N4]: Eu2+as a next-generation LED-phosphor material.Nat Mater2014;13: 891–896..

Pust P, Schmidt PJ, Schnick W. A revolution in lighting.Nat Mater2015;14: 454–458..

Zhu HM, Lin CC, Luo WQ, Shu ST, Liu ZGet al. Highly efficient non-rare-earth red emitting phosphor for warm white light-emitting diodes.Nat Commun2014;5: 4312..

Meyer J, Tappe F. Photoluminescent materials for solid-state lighting: state of the art and future challenges.Adv Opt Mater2015;3: 424–430..

Liu ZY, Liu S, Wang K, Luo XB. Measurement and numerical studies of optical properties of YAG: Ce phosphor for white light-emitting diode packaging.Appl Opt2010;49: 247–257..

Vos WL, Tukker TW, Mosk AP, Lagendijk A, IJzerman WL. Broadband mean free path of diffuse light in polydisperse ensembles of scatterers for white light-emitting diode lighting.Appl Opt2013;52: 2602–2609..

Leung VYF, Lagendijk A, Tukker TW, Mosk AP, IJzerman WLet al. Interplay between multiple scattering, emission, and absorption of light in the phosphor of a white light-emitting diode.Opt Express2014;22: 8190–8204..

Oh JH, Yang SJ, Do YR. Healthy, natural, efficient and tunable lighting: four-package white LEDs for optimizing the circadian effect, color quality and vision performance.Light Sci Appl2014;3: e141..

Frimmer M, Chen Y, Koenderink AF. Scanning emitter lifetime imaging microscopy for spontaneous emission control.Phys Rev Lett2011;107: 123602..

Guo K, Lozano G, Verschuuren MA, Gómez-Rivas J. Control of the external photoluminescent quantum yield of emitters coupled to nanoantenna phased arrays.J Appl Phys2015;118: 073103..

Barnes WL. Electromagnetic crystals for surface plasmon polaritons and the extraction of light from emissive devices.J Lightwave Technol1999;17: 2170–2182..

Khurgin JB, Sun G, Soref RA. Enhancement of luminescence efficiency using surface plasmon polaritons: figures of merit.J Opt Soc Am B2007;24: 1968–1980..

Sun G, Khurgin JB, Soref RA. Plasmonic light-emission enhancement with isolated metal nanoparticles and their coupled arrays.J Opt Soc Am B2008;25: 1748–1755..

Paiella R. Tunable surface plasmons in coupled metallo-dielectric multiple layers for light-emission efficiency enhancement.Appl Phys Lett2005;87: 111104..

Kelly KL, Coronado E, Zhao LL, Schatz GC. The optical properties of metal nanoparticles: the influence of size, shape, and dielectric environment.J Phys Chem B2003;107: 668–677..

Song JH, Atay T, Shi SF, Urabe H, Nurmikko AV. Large enhancement of fluorescence efficiency from CdSe/ZnS quantum dots induced by resonant coupling to spatially controlled surface plasmons.Nano Lett2005;5: 1557–1561..

Tam F, Goodrich GP, Johnson BR, Halas NJ. Plasmonic enhancement of molecular fluorescence.Nano Lett2007;7: 496–501..

Giannini V, Sánchez-Gil JA, Muskens OL, Rivas JG. Electrodynamic calculations of spontaneous emission coupled to metal nanostructures of arbitrary shape: nanoantenna-enhanced fluorescence.J Opt Soc Am B2009;26: 1569–1577..

Mertens H, Polman A. Strong luminescence quantum-efficiency enhancement near prolate metal nanoparticles: dipolar versus higher-order modes.J Appl Phys2009;105: 044302..

Bharadwaj P, Novotny L. Plasmon-enhanced photoemission from a single Y3N@C80 fullerene.J Phys Chem C2010;114: 7444–7447..

Wenger J. Fluorescence enhancement factors on optical antennas: enlarging the experimental values without changing the antenna design.Int J Opt2012;2012: 828121..

Carron KT, Fluhr W, Meier M, Wokaun A, Lehmann HW. Resonances of two-dimensional particle gratings in surface-enhanced Raman scattering.J Opt Soc Am B1986;3: 430–440..

Markel VA. Antisymmetrical optical states.J Opt Soc Am B1995;12: 1783–1791..

Zou SL, Schatz GC. Narrow plasmonic/photonic extinction and scattering line shapes for one and two dimensional silver nanoparticle arrays.J Chem Phys2004;121: 12606–12612..

Hicks EM, Zou SL, Schatz GC, Spears KG, Van Duyne RPet al. Controlling plasmon line shapes through diffractive coupling in linear arrays of cylindrical nanoparticles fabricated by electron beam lithography.Nano Lett2005;5: 1065–1070..

Chu YZ, Schonbrun E, Yang T, Crozier KB. Experimental observation of narrow surface plasmon resonances in gold nanoparticle arrays.Appl Phys Lett2008;93: 181108..

Auguié B, Barnes WL. Collective resonances in gold nanoparticle arrays.Phys Rev Lett2008;101: 143902..

Kravets VG, Schedin F, Grigorenko AN. Extremely narrow plasmon resonances based on diffraction coupling of localized plasmons in arrays of metallic nanoparticles.Phys Rev Lett2008;101: 087403..

Vecchi G, Giannini V, Rivas JG. Surface modes in plasmonic crystals induced by diffractive coupling of nanoantennas.Phys Rev B2009;80: 201401..

Rodriguez SRK, Abass A, Maes B, Janssen OTA, Vecchi Get al. Coupling bright and dark plasmonic lattice resonances.Phys Rev X2011;1: 021019..

Zhou W, Odom TW. Tunable subradiant lattice plasmons by out-of-plane dipolar interactions.Nat Nanotechnol2011;6: 423–427..

Rodriguez SRK, Schaafsma MC, Berrier A, Gómez-Rivas J. Collective resonances in plasmonic crystals: size matters.Physica B2012;407: 4081–4085..

Teperik TV, Degiron A. Design strategies to tailor the narrow plasmon-photonic resonances in arrays of metallic nanoparticles.Phys Rev B2012;86: 245425..

Abass A, Rodriguez SRK, Rivas JG, Maes B. Tailoring dispersion and Eigenfield profiles of plasmonic surface lattice resonances.ACS Photon2014;1: 61–68..

de Abajo FJG. Colloquium: light scattering by particle and hole arrays.Rev Mod Phys2007;79: 1267–1290..

Christ A, Tikhodeev SG, Gippius NA, Kuhl J, Giessen H. Waveguide-plasmon polaritons: strong coupling of photonic and electronic resonances in a metallic photonic crystal slab.Phys Rev Lett2003;91: 183901..

Zentgraf T, Zhang S, Oulton RF, Zhang X. Ultranarrow coupling-induced transparency bands in hybrid plasmonic systems.Phys Rev B2009;80: 195415..

Rodriguez SRK, Murai S, Verschuuren MA, Rivas JG. Light-emitting waveguide-plasmon polaritons.Phys Rev Lett2012;109: 166803..

Murai S, Verschuuren MA, Lozano G, Pirruccio G, Rodriguez SRKet al. Hybrid plasmonic-photonic modes in diffractive arrays of nanoparticles coupled to light-emitting optical waveguides.Opt Express2013;21: 4250–4262..

Pellegrini G, Mattei G, Mazzoldi P. Nanoantenna arrays for large-area emission enhancement.J Phys Chem C2011;115: 24662–24665..

Shi L, Hakala TK, Rekola HT, Martikainen JP, Moerland RJet al. Spatial coherence properties of organic molecules coupled to plasmonic surface lattice resonances in the weak and strong coupling regimes.Phys Rev Lett2014;112: 153002..

Shi L, Yuan XW, Zhang YF, Hakala TK, Yin SYet al. Coherent fluorescence emission by using hybrid photonic-plasmonic crystals.Laser Photon Rev2014;8: 717–725..

Lozano G, Barten T, Grzela G, Rivas JG. Directional absorption by phased arrays of plasmonic nanoantennae probed with time-reversed Fourier microscopy.New J Phys2014;16: 013040..

Wiesmann C, Bergenek K, Linder N, Schwarz UT. Photonic crystal LEDs-designing light extraction.Laser Photon Rev2009;3: 262–286..

Matioli E, Weisbuch C. Impact of photonic crystals on LED light extraction efficiency: approaches and limits to vertical structure designs.J Phys D Appl Phys2010;43: 354005..

David A, Benisty H, Weisbuch C. Photonic crystal light-emitting sources.Rep Prog Phys2012;75: 126501..

Kim DH, Cho CO, Roh YG, Jeon H, Park YSet al. Enhanced light extraction from GaN-based light-emitting diodes with holographically generated two-dimensional photonic crystal patterns.Appl Phys Lett2005;87: 203508..

Gong HB, Hao XP, Wu YZ, Cao BQ, Xia Wet al. Enhanced light extraction from GaN-based LEDs with a bottom-up assembled photonic crystal.Mater Sci Eng B2011;176: 1028–1031..

Lawrence N, Trevino J, Dal Negro L. Aperiodic arrays of active nanopillars for radiation engineering.J Appl Phys2012;111: 113101..

Wierer Jr JJ, David A, Megens MM. Ⅲ-nitride photonic-crystal light-emitting diodes with high extraction efficiency.Nat Photon2009;3: 163–169..

Matioli E, Brinkley S, Kelchner KM, Hu YL, Nakamura Set al. High-brightness polarized light-emitting diodes.Light Sci Appl2012;1: e22..

Ding P, Li MY, He JN, Wang JQ, Fan CZet al. Guided mode caused by silicon nanopillar array for light emission enhancement in color-converting LED.Opt Express2015;23: 21477–21489..

Okamoto K, Niki I, Shvartser A, Narukawa Y, Mukai Tet al. Surface-plasmon-enhanced light emitters based on InGaN quantum wells.Nat Mater2004;3: 601–605..

Gu XF, Qiu T, Zhang WJ, Chu PK. Light-emitting diodes enhanced by localized surface plasmon resonance.Nanoscale Res Lett2011;6: 199..

Chu WH, Chuang YJ, Liu CP, Lee PI, Hsu SLC. Enhanced spontaneous light emission by multiple surface plasmon coupling.Opt Express2010;18: 9677–9683..

Barnes WL. Fluorescence near interfaces: the role of photonic mode density.J Mod Opt1998;45: 661–669..

DiMaria J, Dimakis E, Moustakas TD, Paiella R. Plasmonic off-axis unidirectional beaming of quantum-well luminescence.Appl Phys Lett2013;103: 251108..

Fujii T, Gao Y, Sharma R, Hu EL, DenBaars SP, Nakamura S. Increase in the extraction efficiency of GaN-based light-emitting diodes via surface roughening.Appl Phys Lett2004;84: 855–857..

Hecker NE, Höpfel RA, Sawaki N, Maier T, Strasser G. Surface plasmon-enhanced photoluminescence from a single quantum well.Appl Phys Lett1999;75: 1577–1579..

Henson J, DiMaria J, Dimakis E, Moustakas TD, Paiella R. Plasmon-enhanced light emission based on lattice resonances of silver nanocylinder arrays.Opt Lett2012;37: 79–81..

Sadi T, Oksanen J, Tulkki J. Effect of plasmonic losses on light emission enhancement in quantum-wells coupled to metallic gratings.J Appl Phys2013;114: 223104..

David A, Fujii T, Matioli E, Sharma R, Nakamura Set al. GaN light-emitting diodes with Archimedean lattice photonic crystals.Appl Phys Lett2006;88: 073510..

Giannini V, Vecchi G, Rivas JG. Lighting up multipolar surface plasmon polaritons by collective resonances in arrays of nanoantennas.Phys Rev Lett2010;105: 266801..

Teperik T, Degiron A. Control of plasmonic crystal light emission.J Opt Soc Am B2014;31: 223–228..

Rodriguez SRK, Arango FB, Steinbusch TP, Verschuuren MA, Koenderink AFet al. Breaking the symmetry of forward-backward light emission with localized and collective magnetoelectric resonances in arrays of pyramid-shaped aluminum nanoparticles.Phys Rev Lett2014;113: 247401..

Jin P, Tazawa M, Xu G. Reversible tuning of surface plasmon resonance of silver nanoparticles using a thermochromic matrix.J Appl Phys2006;99: 096106..

Olcum S, Kocabas A, Ertas G, Atalar A, Aydinli A. Tunable surface plasmon resonance on an elastomeric substrate.Opt Express2009;17: 8542–8547..

Beeckman J, Neyts K, Vanbrabant PJM. Liquid-crystal photonic applications.Opt Eng2011;50: 081202..

Lumdee C, Toroghi S, Kik PG. Post-fabrication voltage controlled resonance tuning of nanoscale plasmonic antennas.ACS Nano2012;6: 6301–6307..

Müller J, Sönnichsen C, von Poschinger H, von Plessen G, Klar TAet al. Electrically controlled light scattering with single metal nanoparticles.Appl Phys Lett2002;81: 171–173..

Kossyrev PA, Yin AJ, Cloutier SG, Cardimona DA, Huang DHet al. Electric field tuning of plasmonic response of nanodot array in liquid crystal matrix.Nano Lett2005;5: 1978–1981..

Chu KC, Chao CY, Chen YF, Wu YC, Chen CC. Electrically controlled surface plasmon resonance frequency of gold nanorods.Appl Phys Lett2006;89: 103107..

Evans PR, Wurtz GA, Hendren WR, Atkinson R, Dickson Wet al. Electrically switchable nonreciprocal transmission of plasmonic nanorods with liquid crystal.Appl Phys Lett2007;91: 043101..

Dickson W, Wurtz GA, Evans PR, Pollard RJ, Zayats AV. Electronically controlled surface plasmon dispersion and optical transmission through metallic hole arrays using liquid crystal.Nano Lett2008;8: 281–286..

Khatua S, Chang WS, Swanglap P, Olson J, Link S. Active modulation of nanorod plasmons.Nano Lett2011;11: 3797–3802..

Li HB, Xu SP, Gu YJ, Wang K, Xu WQ. Active modulation of wavelength and radiation direction of fluorescence via liquid crystal-tuned surface plasmons.Appl Phys Lett2013;102: 051107..

Abbas A, Rodriguez SRK, Ako T, Aubert T, Verschuuren MAet al. Active liquid crystal tuning of metallic nanoantenna enhanced light emission from colloidal quantum dots.Nano Lett2014;14: 5555–5560..

Bellessa J, Bonnand C, Plenet JC, Mugnier J. Strong coupling between surface plasmons and excitons in an organic semiconductor.Phys Rev Lett2004;93: 036404..

Hakala TK, Toppari JJ, Kuzyk A, Pettersson M, Tikkanen Het al. Vacuum rabi splitting and strong-coupling dynamics for surface-plasmon polaritons and rhodamine 6G molecules.Phys Rev Lett2009;103: 053602..

González-Tudela A, Huidobro PA, Martín-Moreno L, Tejedor C, García-Vidal FJ. Theory of strong coupling between quantum emitters and propagating surface plasmons.Phys Rev Lett2013;110: 126801..

Dintinger J, Klein S, Bustos F, Barnes WL, Ebbesen TW. Strong coupling between surface plasmon-polaritons and organic molecules in subwavelength hole arrays.Phys Rev B2005;71: 035424..

Vasa P, Pomraenke R, Schwieger S, Mazur YI, Kunets Vet al. Coherent exciton–surface-plasmon-polariton interaction in hybrid metal-semiconductor nanostructures.Phys Rev Lett2008;101: 116801..

Schwartz T, Hutchison JA, Genet C, Ebbesen TW. Reversible switching of ultrastrong light-molecule coupling.Phys Rev Lett2011;106: 196405..

Sugawara Y, Kelf TA, Baumberg JJ, Abdelsalam ME, Bartlett PN. Strong coupling between localized plasmons and organic excitons in metal nanovoids.Phys Rev Lett2006;97: 266808..

Cade NI, Ritman-Meer T, Richards D. Strong coupling of localized plasmons and molecular excitons in nanostructured silver films.Phys Rev B2009;79: 241404..

Manjavacas A, de Abajo FJG, Nordlander P. Quantum plexcitonics: strongly interacting plasmons and excitons.Nano Lett2011;11: 2318–2323..

Zengin G, Wersäll M, Nilsson S, Antosiewicz TJ, Käll Met al. Realizing strong light-matter interactions between single-nanoparticle plasmons and molecular excitons at ambient conditions.Phys Rev Lett2015;114: 157401..

Rodriguez SRK, Feist J, Verschuuren MA, Vidal FJG, Rivas JG. Thermalization and cooling of plasmon-exciton polaritons: towards quantum condensation.Phys Rev Lett2013;111: 166802..

Väkeväinen AI, Moerland RJ, Rekola HT, Eskelinen AP, Martikainen JPet al. Plasmonic surface lattice resonances at the strong coupling regime.Nano Lett2014;14: 1721–1727..

Rodriguez SRK, Rivas JG. Surface lattice resonances strongly coupled to Rhodamine 6G excitons: tuning the plasmon-exciton-polariton mass and composition.Opt Express2013;21: 27411–27421..

Törmä P, Barnes WL. Strong coupling between surface plasmon polaritons and emitters: a review.Rep Prog Phys2015;78: 013901..

Penzkofer A, Leupacher W. Fluorescence behaviour of highly concentrated rhodamine 6G solutions.J Luminesc1987;37: 61–72..

Shen YC, Mueller GO, Watanabe S, Gardner NF, Munkholm Aet al. Auger recombination in InGaN measured by photoluminescence.Appl Phys Lett2007;91: 141101..

Verzellesi G, Saguatti D, Meneghini M, Bertazzi F, Goano Met al. Efficiency droop in InGaN/GaN blue light-emitting diodes: physical mechanisms and remedies.J Appl Phys2013;14: 071101..

Iveland J, Martinelli L, Peretti J, Speck JS, Weisbuch C. Direct measurement of auger electrons emitted from a semiconductor light-emitting diode under electrical injection: identification of the dominant mechanism for efficiency droop.Phys Rev Lett2013;110: 177406..

Wierer JJ, Tsao JY, Sizov DS. Comparison between blue lasers and light-emitting diodes for future solid-state lighting.Laser Photon Rev2013;7: 963–993..

Meier M, Mekis A, Dodabalapur A, Timko A, Slusher REet al. Laser action from two-dimensional distributed feedback in photonic crystals.Appl Phys Lett2009;74: 7–9..

Painter O, Lee RK, Scherer A, Yariv A, O'Brien JDet al. Two-dimensional photonic band-gap defect mode laser.Science1999;284: 1819–1821..

Altug H, Englund D, Vučković J. Ultrafast photonic crystal nanocavity laser.Nat Phys2006;2: 484–488..

Hirose K, Liang Y, Kurosaka Y, Watanabe A, Sugiyama Tet al. Watt-class high-power, high-beam-quality photonic-crystal lasers.Nat Photon2014;8: 406–411..

Oulton RF, Sorger VJ, Zentgraf T, Ma RM, Gladden Cet al. Plasmon lasers at deep subwavelength scale.Nature2009;461: 629–632..

Stehr J, Crewett J, Schindler F, Sperling R, von Plessen Get al. A low threshold polymer laser based on metallic nanoparticle gratings.Adv Mater2003;15: 1726–1729..

van Beijnum F, van Veldhoven PJ, Geluk EJ, de Dood MJA, Hooft GWet al. Surface plasmon lasing observed in metal hole arrays.Phys Rev Lett2013;110: 206802..

Suh JY, Kim CH, Zhou W, Huntington MD, Co DTet al. Plasmonic bowtie nanolaser arrays.Nano Lett2012;12: 5769–5774..

Schokker AH, Koenderink AF. Lasing at the band edges of plasmonic lattices.Phys Rev B2014;90: 155452..

Yang AK, Hoang TB, Dridi M, Deeb C, Mikkelsen MHet al. Real-time tunable lasing from plasmonic nanocavity arrays.Nat Commun2015;6: 6939..

Views

Downloads

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

Submit

Tools

Publicity Resources

Double-layer graphene for enhanced tunable infrared plasmonics

Scalable, ultra-resistant structural colors based on network metamaterials

Unraveling the optomechanical nature of plasmonic trapping

Spiniform phase-encoded metagratings entangling arbitrary rational-order orbital angular momentum

Optical manipulation from the microscale to the nanoscale: fundamentals, advances and prospects

Related Author

Hatice Altug

Valerio Pruneri

F Javier García de Abajo

Odeta Limaj

Andreas Tittl

Daniel Rodrigo

Henning Galinski

Gael Favraud

Related Institution

ICREA—Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats

ICFO—Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels (Barcelona)

Institute of BioEngineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne,- Lausanne

Ion Beam Physics,ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 5

Anton Paar TriTec SA, Peseux CH

⁰