Baker, M. J., Hughes, C. S.&Hollywood, K. A.Biophotonics: Vibrational Spectroscopic Diagnostics. (San Rafael: Morgan&Claypool Publishers, 2016).

Xin, H. B., Namgung, B.&Lee, L. P. Nanoplasmonic optical antennas for life sciences and medicine.Nat. Rev. Mater.3, 228–243 (2018)..

Fan, X. D. et al. Sensitive optical biosensors for unlabeled targets: a review.Analytica Chim. Acta620, 8–26 (2008)..

Bai, W. B. et al. Flexible transient optical waveguides and surface-wave biosensors constructed from monocrystalline silicon.Adv. Mater.30, 1801584 (2018)..

Andreu, N., Zelmer, A.&Wiles, S. Noninvasive biophotonic imaging for studies of infectious disease.FEMS Microbiol. Rev.35, 360–394 (2011)..

Wu, L. L. et al. Reaction-based fluorescentprobes for the detection and imaging of reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur species.Acc. Chem. Res.52, 2582–2597 (2019)..

Liao, J.&Yang, L. Optical whispering-gallery mode barcodes for high-precision and wide-range temperature measurements.Light. : Sci. Appl.10, 32 (2021)..

Yang, S. T. et al. Carbon dots for optical imaging in vivo.J. Am. Chem. Soc.131, 11308–11309 (2009)..

Zhu, H. Y. et al. Optical imaging techniques for point-of-care diagnostics.Lab Chip13, 51–67 (2013)..

Zhang, K. Y. et al. Long-lived emissive probes for time-resolved photoluminescence bioimaging and biosensing.Chem. Rev.118, 1770–1839 (2018)..

Stender, A. S. et al. Single cell optical imaging and spectroscopy.Chem. Rev.113, 2469–2527 (2013)..

Lu, H. T. et al. Graphene quantum dots for optical bioimaging.Small15, 1902136 (2019)..

Doong, R. A., Lee, P. S.&Anitha, K. Simultaneous determination of biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease using sol–gel-derived optical array biosensor.Biosens. Bioelectron.25, 2464–2469 (2010)..

Law, W. C. et al. Sensitivity improved surface plasmon resonance biosensor for cancer biomarker detection based on plasmonic enhancement.ACS Nano5, 4858–4864 (2011)..

Budz, H. A. et al. Photoluminescence model for a hybrid aptamer-GaAs optical biosensor.J. Appl. Phys.107, 104702 (2010)..

Yao, J., Yang, M.&Duan, Y. X. Chemistry, biology, and medicine of fluorescent nanomaterials and related systems: new insights into biosensing, bioimaging, genomics, diagnostics, and therapy.Chem. Rev.114, 6130–6178 (2014)..

Cennamo, N. et al. An innovative plastic optical fiber-based biosensor for new bio/applications. The case of celiac disease.Sens. Actuators B: Chem.176, 1008–1014 (2013)..

Feng, K. J. et al. Label-free optical bifunctional oligonucleotide probe for homogeneous amplification detection of disease markers.Biosens. Bioelectron.29, 66–75 (2011)..

Xiong, R. et al. Biopolymeric photonic structures: design, fabrication, and emerging applications.Chem. Soc. Rev.49, 983–1031 (2020)..

Ballato, J. et al. Glass and process development for the next generation of optical fibers: a review.Fibers5, 11 (2017)..

Qiu, J. R., Miura, K.&Hirao, K. Femtosecond laser-induced microfeatures in glasses and their applications.J. Non-Crystalline Solids354, 1100–1111 (2008)..

Bradley, D. A. et al. Review of doped silica glass optical fibre: their TL properties and potential applications in radiation therapy dosimetry.Appl. Radiat. Isotopes71, 2–11 (2012)..

Zhang, X. Y. et al. Symmetry-breaking-induced nonlinear optics at a microcavity surface.Nat. Photonics13, 21–24 (2019)..

Xing, X. B. et al. Ultracompact photonic coupling splitters twisted by PTT nanowires.Nano Lett.8, 2839–2843 (2008)..

Tang, S. J. et al. A tunable optofluidic microlaser in a photostable conjugated polymer.Adv. Mater.30, 1804556 (2018)..

Tong, L. M. et al. Subwavelength-diameter silica wires for low-loss optical wave guiding.Nature426, 816–819 (2003)..

Brambilla, G. Optical fibre nanowires and microwires: a review.J. Opt.12, 043001 (2010)..

Shan, D. Y. et al. Flexible biodegradable citrate-based polymeric step-index optical fiber.Biomaterials143, 142–148 (2017)..

Williams, D. F. On the mechanisms of biocompatibility.Biomaterials29, 2941–2953 (2008)..

Tadepalli, S. et al. Bio-optics and bio-inspired optical materials.Chem. Rev.117, 12705–12763 (2017)..

Humar, M. et al. Toward biomaterial-based implantable photonic devices.Nanophotonics6, 414–434 (2017)..

Chen, Y. C.&Fan, X. D. Biological lasers for biomedical applications.Adv. Optical Mater.7, 1900377 (2019)..

Apter, B. et al. Light waveguiding in bioinspired peptide nanostructures.J. Pept. Sci.25, e3164 (2019)..

Zhang, Y. F. et al. DNA self-switchable microlaser.ACS Nano14, 16122–16130 (2020)..

Mysliwiec, J. et al. Biomaterials in light amplification.J. Opt.19, 033003 (2017)..

Xin, H. B. et al. Optical forces: from fundamental to biological applications.Adv. Mater.32, 2001994 (2020)..

Puchkova, A. et al. DNA origami nanoantennas with over 5000-fold fluorescence enhancement and single-molecule detection at 25 μM.Nano Lett.15, 8354–8359 (2015)..

Xin, H. B. et al.Escherichia coli-based biophotonic waveguides.Nano Lett.13, 3408–3413 (2013)..

Li, Y. C. et al. Living nanospear for near-field optical probing.ACS Nano12, 10703–10711 (2018)..

Lee, G. H. et al. Multifunctional materials for implantable and wearable photonic healthcare devices.Nat. Rev. Mater.5, 149–165 (2020)..

Kolle, M.&Lee, S. Progress and opportunities in soft photonics and biologically inspired optics.Adv. Mater.30, 1702669 (2018)..

Yun, S. H.&Kwok, S. J. J. Light in diagnosis, therapy and surgery.Nat. Biomed. Eng.1, 0008 (2017)..

Maiman, T. H. Stimulated optical radiation in ruby.Nature187, 493–494 (1960)..

Fan, X. D.&Yun, S. H. The potential of optofluidic biolasers.Nat. Methods11, 141–147 (2014)..

Hales, J. E. et al. Virus lasers for biological detection.Nat. Commun.10, 3594 (2019)..

Cho, S. et al. Laser particle stimulated emission microscopy.Phys. Rev. Lett.117, 193902 (2016)..

Chen, Q. S. et al. Self-assembled DNA tetrahedral optofluidic lasers with precise and tunable gain control.Lab a Chip13, 3351–3354 (2013)..

Schubert, M. et al. Lasing in live mitotic and non-phagocytic cells by efficient delivery of microresonators.Sci. Rep.7, 40877 (2017)..

Chen, Q. S. et al. An integrated microwell array platform for cell lasing analysis.Lab a Chip17, 2814–2820 (2017)..

Chen, Y. C., Chen, Q. S.&Fan, X. D. Lasing in blood.Optica3, 809–815 (2016)..

Gongora, J. S. T.&Fratalocchi, A. Optical force on diseased blood cells: towards the optical sorting of biological matter.Opt. Lasers Eng.76, 40–44 (2016)..

Song, Q. H. et al. Random lasing in bone tissue.Opt. Lett.35, 1425–1427 (2010)..

Wu, X. Q. et al. High-Q, low-mode-volume microsphere-integrated Fabry-Perot cavity for optofluidic lasing applications.Photonics.Research7, 50–60 (2019)..

Siegman, A. E.Lasers. (University Science Books, 1986).

Toropov, N. et al. Review of biosensing with whispering-gallery mode lasers.Light. : Sci. Appl.10, 42 (2021)..

Chen, Y. C. et al. Laser-emission imaging of nuclear biomarkers for high-contrast cancer screening and immunodiagnosis.Nat. Biomed. Eng.1, 724–735 (2017)..

Chudakov, D. M. et al. Fluorescent proteins and their applications in imaging living cells and tissues.Physiological Rev.90, 1103–1163 (2010)..

Kuehne, A. J. C.&Gather, M. C. Organic lasers: recent developments on materials, device geometries, and fabrication techniques.Chem. Rev.116, 12823–12864 (2016)..

Gather, M. C.&Yun, S. H. Bio-optimized energy transfer in densely packed fluorescent protein enables near-maximal luminescence and solid-state lasers.Nat. Commun.5, 5722 (2014)..

Oh, H. J. et al. Lasing from fluorescent protein crystals.Opt. Express22, 31411–31416 (2014)..

Jonáš, A. et al. In vitro and in vivo biolasing of fluorescent proteins suspended in liquid microdroplet cavities.Lab a Chip14, 3093–3100 (2014)..

Wu, X. et al. Bio-inspired optofluidic lasers with luciferin.Appl. Phys. Lett.102, 203706 (2013)..

Nizamoglu, S., Gather, M. C.&Yun, S. H. All-biomaterial laser using vitamin and biopolymers.Adv. Mater.25, 5943–5947 (2013)..

Humar, M., Gather, M. C.&Yun, S. H. Cellular dye lasers: lasing thresholds and sensing in a planar resonator.Opt. Express23, 27865–27879 (2015)..

Gather, M. C.&Yun, S. H. Single-cell biological lasers.Nat. Photonics5, 406–410 (2011)..

Gather, M. C.&Yun, S. H. Lasing fromEscherichia colibacteria genetically programmed to express green fluorescent protein.Opt. Lett.36, 3299–3301 (2011)..

Karl, M. et al. Single cell induced optical confinement in biological lasers.J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.50, 084005 (2017)..

Nizamoglu, S. et al. A simple approach to biological single-cell lasers via intracellular dyes.Adv. Optical Mater.3, 1197–1200(2015)..

Chen, Y. C. et al. Versatile tissue lasers based on high-QFabry-Pérot microcavities.Lab Chip17, 538–548 (2017)..

Septiadi, D. et al. Biolasing from Individual cells in a low‐Qresonator enables spectral fingerprinting.Adv. Optical Mater.8, 1901573 (2020)..

Fikouras, A. H. et al. Non-obstructive intracellular nanolasers.Nat. Commun.9, 4817 (2018)..

Sun, Y. Z.&Fan, X. D. Distinguishing DNA by analog-to-digital-like conversion by using optofluidic lasers.Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.51, 1236–1239 (2012)..

Schubert, M. et al. Lasing within live cells containing intracellular optical microresonators for barcode-type cell tagging and tracking.Nano Lett.15, 5647–5652 (2015)..

Matsko, A. B.&Ilchenko, V. S. Optical resonators with whispering-gallery modes-part I: basics.IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron.12, 3–14 (2006)..

Jiang, X. F. et al. Whispering-gallery sensors.Matter3, 371–392 (2020)..

Zhi, Y. Y. et al. Single nanoparticle detection using optical microcavities.Adv. Mater.29, 1604920 (2017)..

He, L. N., Özdemir, Ş. K.&Yang, L. Whispering gallery microcavity lasers.Laser Photonics Rev.7, 60–82 (2013)..

Ta, V. D., Chen, R.&Sun, H. D. Tuning whispering gallery mode lasing from self-assembled polymer droplets.Sci. Rep.3, 1362 (2013)..

Gu, F. X. et al. Single whispering-gallery mode lasing in polymer bottle microresonators via spatial pump engineering.Light. : Sci. Appl.6, e17061 (2017)..

Humar, M.&Yun, S. H. Intracellular microlasers.Nat. Photonics9, 572–576 (2015)..

Wu, X. Q. et al. Nanowire lasers as intracellular probes.Nanoscale10, 9729–9735 (2018)..

Galanzha, E. I. et al. Spaser as a biological probe.Nat. Commun.8, 15528 (2017)..

Ma, Y. J., Nolte, R. J. M.&Cornelissen, J. J. L. M. Virus-based nanocarriers for drug delivery.Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev.64, 811–825 (2012)..

Labrie, S. J., Samson, J. E.&Moineau, S. Bacteriophage resistance mechanisms.Nat. Rev. Microbiol.8, 317–327 (2010)..

Kutter, E. et al. Phage therapy in clinical practice: treatment of human infections.Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol.11, 69–86 (2010)..

Morales, N. M.&McClean, M. N. Engineered bacteria self-organize to sense pressure.Nat. Biotechnol.35, 1045–1047 (2017)..

Peivandi, A. et al. Hierarchically structured, self-healing, fluorescent, bioactive hydrogels with self-organizing bundles of phage nanofilaments.Chem. Mater.31, 5442–5449 (2019)..

Lee, J. H. et al. Production of tunable nanomaterials using hierarchically assembled bacteriophages.Nat. Protoc.12, 1999–2013 (2017)..

Arter, J. A. et al. Virus-PEDOT nanowires for biosensing.Nano Lett.10, 4858–4862 (2010)..

Li, L. et al. Simultaneous detection of three zoonotic pathogens based on phage display peptide and multicolor quantum dots.Anal. Biochem.608, 113854 (2020)..

Ignesti, E. et al. A new class of optical sensors: a random laser based device.Sci. Rep.6, 35225 (2016)..

Polson, R. C.&Vardeny, Z. V. Random lasing in human tissues.Appl. Phys. Lett.85, 1289–1291 (2004)..

Briones-Herrera, J. C. et al. Evaluation of mechanical behavior of soft tissue by means of random laser emission.Rev. Sci. Instrum.84, 104301 (2013)..

Wang, L. H. et al. Biological laser action.Appl. Opt.35, 1775–1779 (1996)..

Lahoz, F. et al. Random lasing in brain tissues.Org. Electron.75, 105389 (2019)..

Lahoz, F. et al. Random laser in biological tissues impregnated with a fluorescent anticancer drug.Laser Phys. Lett.12, 045805 (2015)..

Wang, Y. et al. Random lasing in human tissues embedded with organic dyes for cancer diagnosis.Sci. Rep.7, 8385 (2017)..

Zhang, D. K. et al. Random laser marked PLCD1 gene therapy effect on human breast cancer.J. Appl. Phys.125, 203102 (2019)..

Hohmann, M. et al. Investigation of random lasing as a feedback mechanism for tissue differentiation during laser surgery.Biomed. Optical Express10, 807 (2019)..

Humar, M. et al. Biomaterial microlasers implantable in the cornea, skin, and blood.Optica4, 1080–1085 (2017)..

Martino, N. et al. Wavelength-encoded laser particles for massively multiplexed cell tagging.Nat. Photonics13, 720–727 (2019)..

Jiang, X. F. et al. Whispering-gallery microcavities with unidirectional laser emission.Laser Photonics Rev.10, 40–61 (2016)..

Tang, S. J. et al. Laser particles with omnidirectional emission for cell tracking.Light. : Sci. Appl.10, 23 (2021)..

Li, X. Z. et al. Optical coherence tomography and fluorescence microscopy dual-modality imaging for in vivo single-cell tracking with nanowire lasers.Biomed. Opt. Express11, 3659–3672 (2020)..

Chen, Y. C. et al. A robust tissue laser platform for analysis of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded biopsies.Lab a Chip18, 1057–1065 (2018)..

Chen, Y. C. et al. Chromatin laser imaging reveals abnormal nuclear changes for early cancer detection.Biomed. Opt. Express10, 838–854 (2019)..

Tan, X. T. et al. Fast and reproducible ELISA laser platform for ultrasensitive protein quantification.ACS Sens.5, 110–117 (2020)..

Chen, Y. C. et al. Monitoring neuron activities and interactions with laser emissions.ACS Photonics7, 2182–2189 (2020)..

Schubert, M. et al. Monitoring contractility in cardiac tissue with cellular resolution using biointegrated microlasers.Nat. Photonics14, 452–458 (2020)..

Wang, C. et al. Near-infrared light induced in vivo photodynamic therapy of cancer based on upconversion nanoparticles.Biomaterials32, 6145–6154 (2011)..

Dianov, E. M. Bismuth-doped optical fibers: a challenging active medium for near-IR lasers and optical amplifiers.Light. : Sci. Appl.1, e12 (2012)..

Haddock, S. H. et al. Bioluminescence in the sea.Annu. Reveview Mar. Sci.2, 443–493 (2010)..

Oertner, T. G.bright Side-. life440, 280 (2006)..

Lee, H. J. et al. Stem-piped light activates phytochrome B to trigger light responses in Arabidopsis thaliana roots.Sci. Signal.9, ra106 (2016)..

Sundar, V. C. et al. Fibre-optical features of a glass sponge.Nature424, 899–900 (2003)..

Franze, K. et al. Muller cells are living optical fibers in the vertebrate retina.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA104, 8287–8292 (2007)..

Agte, S. et al. Muller glial cell-provided cellular light guidance through the vital guinea-pig retina.Biophysical J.101, 2611–2619 (2011)..

Pena-Francesch, A. et al. Materials fabrication from native and recombinant thermoplastic squid proteins.Adv. Funct. Mater.24, 7401–7409 (2014)..

Shan, D. Y. et al. Polymeric biomaterials for biophotonic applications.Bioact. Mater.3, 434–445 (2018)..

Jeevarathinam, A. S. et al. A cellulose-based photoacoustic sensor to measure heparin concentration and activity in human blood samples.Biosens. Bioelectron.126, 831–837 (2019)..

Nazempour, R. et al. Biocompatible and implantable optical fibers and waveguides for biomedicine.Materials11, 1283 (2018)..

Monks, J. N. et al. Spider silk: mother nature's bio-superlens.Nano Lett.16, 5842–5845 (2016)..

Parker, S. T. et al. Biocompatible silk printed optical waveguides.Adv. Mater.21, 2411–2415 (2009)..

Li, D. D.&Wang, L. L. Cellulose acetate polymer film modified microstructured polymer optical fiber towards a nitrite optical probe.Opt. Commun.283, 2841–2844 (2010)..

Roxby, D. N. et al. Enhanced biophotocurrent generation in living photosynthetic optical resonator.Adv. Sci.7, 1903707 (2020)..

Huby, N. et al. Native spider silk as a biological optical fiber.Appl. Phys. Lett.102, 123702 (2013)..

Sun, Y. -L. et al. Customization of Protein Single Nanowires for Optical Biosensing.Small11, 2869–2876 (2015)..

Shabahang, S., Kim, S.&Yun, S. H. Light-Guiding Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications.Adv. Funct. Mater.28, 1706635 (2018)..

Jacques, S. L. Optical properties of biological tissues: a review.Phys. Med. Biol.58, R37–R61 (2013)..

Xin, H. B. et al. Optically controlled living micromotors for the manipulation and disruption of biological targets.Nano Lett.20, 7177–7185 (2020)..

Xin, H. B. et al. Optofluidic realization and retaining of cell–cell contact using an abrupt tapered optical fibre.Sci. Rep.3, 1993 (2013)..

Xin, H. B., Xu, R.&Li, B. J. Optical formation and manipulation of particle and cell patterns using a tapered optical fiber.Laser Photonics Rev.7, 801–809 (2013)..

Xin, H. B., Li, Y. C.&Li, B. J. Bacteria-based branched structures for bionanophotonics.Laser Photonics Rev.9, 554–563 (2015)..

Xin, H. B., Li, Y. C.&Li, B. J. Controllable patterning of different cells via optical assembly of 1D periodic cell structures.Adv. Funct. Mater.25, 2816–2823 (2015)..

Fardad, S. et al. Plasmonic resonant solitons in metallic nanosuspensions.Nano Lett.14, 2498–2504 (2014)..

Kelly, T. S. et al. Guiding and nonlinear coupling of light in plasmonic nanosuspensions.Opt. Lett.41, 3817–3820 (2016)..

Yashin, V. E. et al. Formation of soliton-like light beams in an aqueous suspension of polystyrene particles.Opt. Spectrosc.98, 466–469 (2005)..

Bezryadina, A. et al. Nonlinear self-action of light through biological suspensions.Phys. Rev. Lett.119, 058101 (2017)..

Gautam, R. et al. Optical force-induced nonlinearity and self-guiding of light in human red blood cell suspensions.Light. : Sci. Appl.8, 31 (2019)..

Perez, N. et al. Nonlinear self-trapping and guiding of light at different wavelengths with sheep blood.Opt. Lett.46, 629–632 (2021)..

Phillips, D. B. et al. Surface imaging using holographic optical tweezers.Nanotechnology22, 285503 (2011)..

Olof, S. N. et al. Measuring nanoscale forces with living probes.Nano Lett.12, 6018–6023 (2012)..

Xin, H. B. et al. Single upconversion nanoparticle–bacterium cotrapping for single-bacterium labeling and analysis.Small13, 1603418 (2017)..

Wu, T. L. et al. Waveguiding and focusing in a bio-medium with an optofluidic cell chain.Acta Biomaterialia103, 165–171 (2020)..

Li, Y. C. et al. Red-blood-cell waveguide as a living biosensor and micromotor.Adv. Funct. Mater.29, 1905568 (2019)..

Sun, Y. L. et al. Dynamically tunable protein microlenses.Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.51, 1558–1562 (2012)..

Miccio, L. et al. Red blood cell as an adaptive optofluidic microlens.Nat. Commun.6, 6502 (2015)..

Nishi, I. Volvox: Simple steps to developmental complexity?Curr. Opin. Plant Biol.13, 646–653 (2010)..

Sineshchekov,O. A. et al. Photoinduced electric currents in carotenoid-deficient Chlamydomonas mutants reconstituted with retinal and its analogs.Biophysical J.66, 2073–2084 (1994)..

Kessler, J. O. et al. Cells acting as lenses: a possible role for light in the evolution of morphological asymmetry in multicellular volvocine algae. InEvolutionary Transitions to Multicellular Life: Principles and Mechanisms(eds Ruiz-Trillo I.&Nedelcu A. M. ) 225–243 (Dordrecht: Springer, 2015).

Schuergers, N. et al. Cyanobacteria use micro-optics to sense light direction.eLife5, e12620 (2016)..

Fuhrmann, T. et al. Diatoms as living photonic crystals.Appl. Phys. B78, 257–260 (2004)..

De Stefano, L. et al. Lensless light focusing with the centric marine diatom Coscinodiscus walesii.Opt. Express15, 18082–18088 (2007)..

De Tommasi, E. et al. Biologically enabled sub-diffractive focusing.Opt. Express22, 27214–27227 (2014)..

De Tommasi, E. et al. Multi-wavelength study of light transmitted through a single marine centric diatom.Opt. Express18, 12203–12212 (2010)..

Ferrara, M. A. et al. Optical properties of diatom nanostructured biosilica inArachnoidiscussp: micro-optics from mother nature.PLoS ONE9, e103750 (2014)..

Romann, J. et al. Wavelength and orientation dependent capture of light by diatom frustule nanostructures.Sci. Rep.5, 17403 (2015)..

Gavelis, G. S. et al. Eye-like ocelloids are built from different endosymbiotically acquired components.Nature523, 204–207 (2015)..

Mohandas, N.&Chasis, J. A. Red blood cell deformability, membrane material properties and shape: regulation by transmembrane, skeletal and cytosolic proteins and lipids.Semin. Hematol.30, 171–192 (1993)..

Ghosh, N. et al. Simultaneous determination of size and refractive index of red blood cells by light scattering measurements.Appl. Phys. Lett.88, 084101 (2006)..

Gautam, R. et al. Characterization of storage-induced red blood cell hemolysis using raman spectroscopy.Lab. Med.49, 298–310 (2018)..

Merola, F. et al. Red blood cell three-dimensional morphometry by quantitative phase microscopy. Proceedings of SPIE 9529, Optical Methods for Inspection, Characterization, And Imaging of Biomaterials II; 21–25 June 2015; Munich, Germany. Munich, Germany: SPIE, 2015.

Merola, F. et al. Biolens behavior of RBCs under optically-induced mechanical stress.Cytom. Part A91, 527–533 (2017)..

Merola, F. et al. Tomographic flow cytometry by digital holography.Light. : Sci. Appl.6, e16241 (2017)..

Nilsson, D. E.&Colley, N. J. Comparative vision: can bacteria really see?Curr. Biol.26, R369–R371 (2016)..

Zhong, M. C. et al. Trapping red blood cells in living animals using optical tweezers.Nat. Commun.4, 1768 (2013)..

Liu, X. S. et al. Red-blood-cell-based microlens: application to single-cell membrane imaging and stretching.ACS Appl. Bio Mater.2, 2889–2895 (2019)..

Li, Y. C., Liu, X. S.&Li, B. J. Single-cell biomagnifier for optical nanoscopes and nanotweezers.Light. : Sci. Appl.8, 61 (2019)..

Zhu, J. L.&Goddard, L. L. All-dielectric concentration of electromagnetic fields at the nanoscale: the role of photonic nanojets.Nanoscale Adv.1, 4615–4643 (2019)..

Li, Y. C. et al. Enhancing upconversion fluorescence with a natural bio-microlens.ACS Nano11, 10672–10680 (2017)..

Lee, K. et al. Quantitative phase imaging techniques for the study of cell pathophysiology: from principles to applications.Sensors13, 4170–4191 (2013)..

Mugnano, M. et al. Label-free optical marker for red-blood-cell phenotyping of inherited anemias.Anal. Chem.90, 7495–7501 (2018)..

Go, T., Byeon, H.&Lee, S. J. Label-free sensor for automatic identification of erythrocytes using digital in-line holographic microscopy and machine learning.Biosens. Bioelectron.103, 12–18 (2018)..

Memmolo, P. et al. Hydrodynamic red blood cells deformation by quantitative phase microscopy and zernike polynomials.Front. Phys.7, 111 (2019)..

Miccio, L. et al. Biological lenses as a photomask for writing laser spots into ferroelectric crystals.ACS Appl. Bio Mater.2, 4675–4680 (2019)..