G. Lippmann , La photographie integrale . C. R. Acad. Sci. 146 , 446 - 451 ( 1908 ).

M. Martínez-Corral , B. Javidi , Fundamentals of 3D imaging and displays: a tutorial on integral imaging, light-field, and plenoptic systems . Adv. Opt. Photonics 10 , 512 - 566 ( 2018 ). http://doi.org/10.1364/AOP.10.000512 http://doi.org/10.1364/AOP.10.000512

S.M. Wang et al. , A broadband achromatic metalens in the visible . Nat. Nanotechnol. 13 , 227 - 232 ( 2018 ). http://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-017-0052-4 http://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-017-0052-4

H.R. Ren et al. , An achromatic metafiber for focusing and imaging across the entire telecommunication range . Nat. Commun. 13 ,( 2022 ). http://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-31902-3 http://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-31902-3

W.T. Chen et al. , A broadband achromatic metalens for focusing and imaging in the visible . Nat. Nanotechnol. 13 , 220 - 226 ( 2018 ). http://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-017-0034-6 http://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-017-0034-6

C.H. Li et al. , Metafiber transforming arbitrarily structured light . Nat. Commun. 14 ,( 2023 ). http://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-43068-7 http://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-43068-7

N.F. Yu et al. , Light propagation with phase discontinuities: generalized laws of reflection and refraction . Science 334 , 333 - 337 ( 2011 ). http://doi.org/10.1126/science.1210713 http://doi.org/10.1126/science.1210713

A. Arbabi et al. , Dielectric metasurfaces for complete control of phase and polarization with subwavelength spatial resolution and high transmission . Nat. Nanotechnol. 10 , 937 - 943 ( 2015 ). http://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2015.186 http://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2015.186

Z.B. Fan et al. , Integral imaging near-eye 3D display using a nanoimprint metalens array . eLight 4 , 3 ( 2024 ). http://doi.org/10.1186/s43593-023-00055-1 http://doi.org/10.1186/s43593-023-00055-1

J. Kim et al. , Scalable manufacturing of high-index atomic layer–polymer hybrid metasurfaces for metaphotonics in the visible . Nat. Mater. 22 , 474 - 481 ( 2023 ). http://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-023-01485-5 http://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-023-01485-5

B.Y. Liu et al. , Time-multiplexed light field display with 120-degree wide viewing angle . Opt. Express 27 , 35728 - 35739 ( 2019 ). http://doi.org/10.1364/OE.27.035728 http://doi.org/10.1364/OE.27.035728

M. Delaney et al. , Nonvolatile programmable silicon photonics using an ultralow-loss Sb 2 Se 3 phase change material . Sci. Adv. 7 , eabg3500 ( 2021 ). http://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abg3500 http://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abg3500

C. Wang et al. , Integrated lithium niobate electro-optic modulators operating at CMOS-compatible voltages . Nature 562 , 101 - 104 ( 2018 ). http://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0551-y http://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0551-y

J.P.B. Mueller et al. , Metasurface polarization optics: independent phase control of arbitrary orthogonal states of polarization . Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 , 113901 ( 2017 ). http://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.113901 http://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.113901

K.T.P. Lim et al. , Holographic colour prints for enhanced optical security by combined phase and amplitude control . Nat. Commun. 10 ,( 2019 ). http://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07808-4 http://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07808-4

H.R. Ren et al. , Complex-amplitude metasurface-based orbital angular momentum holography in momentum space . Nat. Nanotechnol. 15 , 948 - 955 ( 2020 ). http://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-020-0768-4 http://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-020-0768-4

A.M. Shaltout , V.M. Shalaev , M.L. Brongersma , Spatiotemporal light control with active metasurfaces . Science 364 , eaat3100 ( 2019 ). http://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat3100 http://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat3100