Deformable microlaser force sensing

Eleni Dalaka; Joseph S. Hill; Jonathan H. H. Booth; Anna Popczyk; Stefan R. Pulver; Malte C. Gather; Marcel Schubert

doi:10.1038/s41377-024-01471-9

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Deformable microlaser force sensing

Article

- Deformable microlaser force sensing
- Light: Science & Applications Vol. 13, Issue 6, Pages: 1196-1209(2024)
- Affiliations：
- Author bio：
  
  fmalte.gather@uni-koeln.de
  gmarcel.schubert@uni-koeln.de
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1038/s41377-024-01471-9
  CLC：
- Received：10 January 2024，
  
  Revised：30 April 2024，
  
  Accepted：2024-05-08，
  
  Published Online：05 June 2024，
  
  Published：2024-12
- Accepted：
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Eleni Dalaka, Joseph S. Hill, Jonathan H. H. Booth, et al. Deformable microlaser force sensing[J]. Light: science & applications, 2024, 13(6): 1196-1209.
DOI：

Eleni Dalaka, Joseph S. Hill, Jonathan H. H. Booth, et al. Deformable microlaser force sensing[J]. Light: science & applications, 2024, 13(6): 1196-1209. DOI： 10.1038/s41377-024-01471-9.

摘要

Abstract

Mechanical forces are key regulators of cellular behavior and function

affecting many fundamental biological processes such as cell migration

embryogenesis

immunological responses

and pathological states. Specialized force sensors and imaging techniques have been developed to quantify these otherwise invisible forces in single cells and in vivo. However

current techniques rely heavily on high-resolution microscopy and do not allow interrogation of optically dense tissue

reducing their application to 2D cell cultures and highly transparent biological tissue. Here

we introduce

DEFORM

deformable microlaser force sensing

a spectroscopic technique that detects sub-nanonewton forces with unprecedented spatio-temporal resolution. DEFORM is based on the spectral analysis of laser emission from dye-doped oil microdroplets and uses the force-induced lifting of laser mode degeneracy in these droplets to detect nanometer deformations. Following validation by atomic force microscopy and development of a model that links changes in laser spectrum to applied force

DEFORM is used to measure forces in 3D and at depths of hundreds of microns within tumor spheroids and late-stage

Drosophila

larva. We furthermore show continuous force sensing with single-cell spatial and millisecon

d temporal resolution

thus paving the way for non-invasive studies of biomechanical forces in advanced stages of embryogenesis

tissue remodeling

and tumor invasion.

Characterising forces deep inside biological tissue is a challenging task. Here

we demonstrate that deformable biointegrated microlasers can sense nanoscopic forces with unprecedented spatio-temporal resolution in vitro and in vivo.

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references

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