Scalable miniature on-chip Fourier transform spectrometer for Raman spectroscopy

Sarp Kerman; Xiao Luo; Zuoqin Ding; Zhewei Zhang; Zhuo Deng; Xiaofei Qin; Yuran Xu; Shuhua Zhai; Chang Chen

doi:10.1038/s41377-025-01861-7

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

Scalable miniature on-chip Fourier transform spectrometer for Raman spectroscopy

Original Articles

- Scalable miniature on-chip Fourier transform spectrometer for Raman spectroscopy
- Light: Science & Applications Vol. 14, Issue 8, Pages: 2173-2186(2025)
- Affiliations：
  
  1.Institute of Medical Chip, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
  2.Shanghai Photonic View Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
  3.Shanghai Industrial μTechnology Research Institute (SITRI), Shanghai, China
  4.Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
  5.State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
  6.Present address: Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
  7.Present address: Energy Singularity Energy Technology Shanghai Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China
- Author bio：
  
  Sarp Kerman (sarp.kerman@photonicview.com)
  Chang Chen (changchen@sjtu.edu.cn)
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1038/s41377-025-01861-7
  CLC：
- Received：07 November 2024，
  
  Revised：29 March 2025，
  
  Accepted：01 April 2025，
  
  Published Online：30 May 2025，
  
  Published：31 August 2025
- Accepted：
Scan QR Code
Kerman, S. et al. Scalable miniature on-chip Fourier transform spectrometer for Raman spectroscopy. Light: Science & Applications, 14, 2173-2186 (2025).
DOI：

Kerman, S. et al. Scalable miniature on-chip Fourier transform spectrometer for Raman spectroscopy. Light: Science & Applications, 14, 2173-2186 (2025). DOI： 10.1038/s41377-025-01861-7.

摘要

Abstract

Miniaturized spectrometers for Raman spectroscopy have the potential to open up a new chapter in sensing. Raman spectroscopy is essential for material characterization and biomedical diagnostics

however

its weak signal and the need for sub-nanometer resolution pose challenges. Conventional spectrometers

with footprints proportional to optical throughput and resolution

are difficult to integrate into compact devices such as wearables. Waveguide-based Fourier Transform Spectrometers (FTS) enable compact spectrometers

and multi-aperture designs can achieve high throughput for applications such as Raman spectroscopy; however

experimental research in this domain remains limited. In this work

we present a multi-aperture SiN waveguide-based FTS overcoming these limitations and enabling Raman spectroscopy of isopropyl alcohol

glucose

Paracetamol

and Ibuprofen with enhanced throughput. Our spectrometer chip

fabricated on a 200 mm SiN wafer

with 160 edge-coupled waveguide apertures connected to an array of ultra-compact interferometers and a small footprint of just 1.6 mm × 3.2 mm

achieves a spectral range of 40 nm and a resolution of 0.5 nm. Experimental results demonstrate that the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression significantly enhances Raman spectrum reconstruction. Our work on waveguide-based spectrometry paves the way for integrating accurate and compact Raman sensors into consumer electronics and space exploration instruments.

关键词

Keywords

references

Pence, I. & Mahadevan-Jansen, A. Clinical instrumentation and applications of Raman spectroscopy. Chem. Soc. Rev. 45 , 1958–1979 (2016)..

Beć, K. B., Grabska, J. & Huck, C. W. Near-infrared spectroscopy in bio-applications. Molecules 25 , 2948 (2020)..

Simpson, A. J., McNally, D. J. & Simpson, M. J. NMR spectroscopy in environmental research: from molecular interactions to global processes. Prog. Nucl. Magn. Reson. Spectrosc. 58 , 97–175 (2011)..

Savage, N. Spectrometers. Nat. Photonics 3 , 601–602 (2009)..

Rull, F. et al. The Raman laser spectrometer for the ExoMars rover mission to Mars. Astrobiology 17 , 627–654 (2017)..

Todaro, B. et al. Is Raman the best strategy towards the development of non-invasive continuous glucose monitoring devices for diabetes management? Front. Chem. 10 , 994272 (2022)..

Scheeline, A. How to design a spectrometer. Appl. Spectrosc. 71 , 2237–2252 (2017)..

Jacquinot, P. The luminosity of spectrometers with prisms, gratings, or Fabry-Perot etalons. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 44 , 761–765 (1954)..

Li,A. & Fainman, Y. Integrated silicon Fourier transform spectrometer with broad bandwidth and ultra‐high resolution. Laser Photonics Rev. 15 , 2000358 (2021)..

Hashimoto, K. & Ideguchi, T. Phase-controlled Fourier-transform spectroscopy. Nat. Commun. 9 , 4448 (2018)..

Lacan, A. et al. A static Fourier transform spectrometer for atmospheric sounding: concept and experimental implementation. Opt. Express 18 , 8311–8331 (2010)..

Schardt, M. et al. Static Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. Opt. Express 24 , 7767–7776 (2016)..

Barnett, P. D. & Angel, S. M. Miniature spatial heterodyne Raman spectrometer with a cell phone camera detector. Appl. Spectrosc. 71 , 988–995 (2017)..

Zhang, W. L. et al. Research status of spatial Heterodyne spectroscopy—a review. Microchem. J. 166 , 106228 (2021)..

Frassetto, F. et al. Static, refractive and monolithic Fourier transform spectrometer: development and prototyping. Sci. Rep. 14 , 1164 (2024)..

Fellgett, P. B. On the ultimate sensitivity and practical performance of radiation detectors. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 39 , 970–976 (1949)..

Hirschfeld, T. & Chase, B. FT-Raman spectroscopy: development and justification. Appl. Spectrosc. 40 , 133–137 (1986)..

Chase, B. FT–Raman spectroscopy: a catalyst for the Raman explosion? J. Chem. Educ. 84 , 75 (2007)..

Dzsaber, S. et al. A Fourier transform Raman spectrometer with visible laser excitation. J. Raman Spectrosc. 46 , 327–332 (2015)..

Florjańczyk, M. et al. Multiaperture planar waveguide spectrometer formed by arrayed Mach-Zehnder interferometers. Opt. Express 15 , 18176–18189 (2007)..

Li, A. et al. Advances in cost-effective integrated spectrometers. Light Sci. Appl. 11 , 174 (2022)..

Yang, Z. Y. et al. Miniaturization of optical spectrometers. Science 371 , eabe0722 (2021)..

Zhang, L. C. et al. Research progress on on‐chip Fourier transform spectrometer. Laser Photonics Rev. 15 , 2100016 (2021)..

Velasco, A. V. et al. High-resolution Fourier-transform spectrometer chip with microphotonic silicon spiral waveguides. Opt. Lett. 38 , 706–708 (2013)..

Paudel, U. & Rose, T. Ultra-high resolution and broadband chip-scale speckle enhanced Fourier-transform spectrometer. Opt. Express 28 , 16469–16485 (2020)..

Yoo, K. M. & Chen, R. T. Dual-polarization bandwidth-bridged bandpass sampling Fourier transform spectrometer from visible to near-infrared on a silicon nitride platform. ACS Photonics 9 , 2691–2701 (2022)..

Zheng, S. N. et al. Microring resonator-assisted Fourier transform spectrometer with enhanced resolution and large bandwidth in single chip solution. Nat. Commun. 10 , 2349 (2019)..

Montesinos-Ballester, M. et al. On-chip Fourier-transform spectrometer based on spatial heterodyning tuned by thermo-optic effect. Sci. Rep. 9 , 14633 (2019)..

Xu, H. N. et al. Scalable integrated two-dimensional Fourier-transform spectrometry. Nat. Commun. 15 , 436 (2024)..

Shams-Ansari, A. et al. Thin-film lithium-niobate electro-optic platform for spectrally tailored dual-comb spectroscopy. Commun. Phys. 5 , 88 (2022)..

Pavanello, F. et al. Broadband digital Fourier transform spectrometer for on-chip wavelength monitoring in the 2.3- μ m wavelength range. IEEE Photonics J. 11 , 6601709 (2019)..

Kita, D. M. et al. High-performance and scalable on-chip digital Fourier transform spectroscopy. Nat. Commun. 9 , 4405 (2018)..

Xu, H. N. et al. Breaking the resolution-bandwidth limit of chip-scale spectrometry by harnessing a dispersion-engineered photonic molecule. Light Sci. Appl. 12 , 64 (2023)..

Souza, M. C. M. M. et al. Fourier transform spectrometer on silicon with thermo-optic non-linearity and dispersion correction. Nat. Commun. 9 , 665 (2018)..

Podmore, H. et al. Athermal planar-waveguide Fourier-transform spectrometer for methane detection. Opt. Express 25 , 33018–33028 (2017)..

González-Andrade, D. et al. Broadband Fourier-transform silicon nitride spectrometer with wide-area multiaperture input. Opt. Lett. 46 , 4021–4024 (2021)..

Fontaine, N. K. et al. Fourier-transform, integrated-optic spatial heterodyne spectrometer on a silica-based planar waveguide with 1 GHz resolution. Opt. Lett. 36 , 3124–3126 (2011)..

Madi, M. et al. Lippmann waveguide spectrometer with enhanced throughput and bandwidth for space and commercial applications. Opt. Express 26 , 2682–2707 (2018)..

Scott, A. et al. Micro-interferometer with high throughput for remote sensing. in Proc. of SPIE 7208, MOEMS and Miniaturized Systems VIII . 72080G, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.808271 https://doi.org/10.1117/12.808271 . (SPIE, 2009)..

Rahim, A. et al. Expanding the silicon photonics portfolio with silicon nitride photonic integrated circuits. J. Lightwave Technol. 35 , 639–649 (2017)..

Pohl, D. et al. An integrated broadband spectrometer on thin-film lithium niobate. Nat. Photonics 14 , 24–29 (2020). .

Nie, X. M. et al. CMOS-compatible broadband co-propagative stationary Fourier transform spectrometer integrated on a silicon nitride photonics platform. Opt. Express 25 , A409–A418 (2017)..

Finco, G. et al. Monolithic thin-film lithium niobate broadband spectrometer with one nanometre resolution. Nat. Commun. 15 , 2330 (2024)..

Bonduelle, M. et al. Near IR stationary wave Fourier transform lambda meter in lithium niobate: multiplexing and improving optical sampling using spatially shifted nanogroove antenna. Appl. Opt. 60 , D83–D92 (2021)..

Le Coarer, E. et al. Wavelength-scale stationary-wave integrated Fourier-transform spectrometry. Nat. Photonics 1 , 473–478 (2007)..

Samuel, A. Z. et al. On selecting a suitable spectral matching method for automated analytical applications of Raman spectroscopy. ACS Omega 6 , 2060–2065 (2021)..

Ciaffoni, L. et al. Grating spectrometry and spatial heterodyne Fourier transform spectrometry: comparative noise analysis for Raman measurements. Appl. Spectrosc. 75 , 241–249 (2021)..

Matousek, P. et al. Subsurface probing in diffusely scattering media using spatially offset Raman spectroscopy. Appl. Spectrosc. 59 , 393–400 (2005)..

Shi, Z. D. et al. Beam shaping system based on a prism array for improving the throughput of a dispersive spectrometer. Appl. Opt. 54 , 2715–2719 (2015)..

Lu, X. Y. et al. Emerging integrated laser technologies in the visible and short near-infrared regimes. Nat. Photonics 18 , 1010–1023 (2024)..

Ilchenko, O. et al. Optics miniaturization strategy for demanding Raman spectroscopy applications. Nat. Commun. 15 , 3049 (2024)..

Waldron, A. et al. A monolithic spatial heterodyne Raman spectrometer: initial tests. Appl. Spectrosc. 75 , 57–69 (2021)..

Zhang, Y. F. et al. Subcutaneous depth-selective spectral imaging with mμSORS enables noninvasive glucose monitoring. Nat. Metab. 7 , 421–433 (2025)..

Gad, A. F. PyGAD: an intuitive genetic algorithm Python library. Multimed. Tools Appl. 83 , 58029–58042 (2024)..

Ahrens, A., Hansen, C. B. & Schaffer, M. E. Lassopack: model selection and prediction with regularized regression in Stata. Stata J. Promoting Commun. Stat. Stata 20 , 176–235 (2020)..

Pedregosa, F. et al. Scikit-learn: machine learning in Python. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 12 , 2825–2830 (2011)..

Strang, G. Linear Algebra and Its Applications. 4th edn. (Cengage Learning, 2006).

Views

Downloads

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

Submit

Tools

Publicity Resources

No data

Related Author

No data

Related Institution

No data

⁰