Topology-driven energy transfer networks for upconversion stimulated emission depletion microscopy

Weizhao Gu; Simone Lamon; Haoyi Yu; Qiming Zhang; Min Gu

doi:10.1038/s41377-025-02054-y

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Topology-driven energy transfer networks for upconversion stimulated emission depletion microscopy

Original Articles

- Topology-driven energy transfer networks for upconversion stimulated emission depletion microscopy
- Light: Science & Applications Vol. 14, Issue 12, Pages: 4176-4191(2025)
- Affiliations：
  
  1.School of Artificial Intelligence Science and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
  2.Institute of Photonic Chips, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
- Author bio：
  
  Simone Lamon (simonelamon@usst.edu.cn)
  Qiming Zhang (qimingzhang@usst.edu.cn)
  Min Gu (gumin@usst.edu.cn)
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1038/s41377-025-02054-y
  CLC：
- Received：27 December 2024，
  
  Revised：2025-09-07，
  
  Accepted：15 September 2025，
  
  Published Online：04 December 2025，
  
  Published：31 December 2025
- Accepted：
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Gu, W. et al. Topology-driven energy transfer networks for upconversion stimulated emission depletion microscopy. Light: Science & Applications, 14, 4176-4191 (2025).
DOI：

Gu, W. et al. Topology-driven energy transfer networks for upconversion stimulated emission depletion microscopy. Light: Science & Applications, 14, 4176-4191 (2025). DOI： 10.1038/s41377-025-02054-y.

摘要

Abstract

Lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles enable upconversion stimulated emission depletion microscopy with high photostability and low-intensity near-infrared continuous-wave lasers. Controlling energy transfer dynamics in these nanoparticles is crucial for super-resolution microscopy with minimal laser intensities and high photon budgets. However

traditional methods neglect the spatial distribution of lanthanide ions and its effect on energy transfer dynamics. Here

we introduce topology-driven energy transfer networks in lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles for upconversion stimulated emission depletion microscopy with reduced laser intensities

maintaining a high photon budget. Spatial separation of Yb

sensitizers and Tm

emitters in 50-nm core-shell nanoparticles enhance energy transfer dynamics for super-resolution microscopy. Topology-dependent energy migration produces strong 450-nm upconversion luminescence under low-power 980-nm excitation. Enhanced cross-relaxation improves optical switching efficiency

achieving a saturation intens

ity of 0.06 MW cm

−2

under excitation at 980 nm and depletion at 808 nm. Super-resolution imaging with a 65-nm lateral resolution is achieved using intensities of 0.03 MW cm

−2

for a Gaussian-shaped excitation laser at 980 nm and 1 MW cm

−2

for a donut-shaped depletion laser at 808 nm

representing a 10-fold reduction in excitation intensity and a 3-fold reduction in depletion intensity compared to conventional methods. These findings demonstrate the potential of harnessing topology-dependent energy transfer dynamics in upconversion nanoparticles for advancing low-power super-resolution applications.

关键词

Keywords

references

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