Sub-1-volt, reconfigurable Gires-Tournois resonators for full-coloured monopixel array

Joo Hwan Ko; Hyo Eun Jeong; Serim Kim; Doeun Kim; Se Yeon Kim; Young Jin Yoo; Hyeon-Ho Jeong; Young Min Song

doi:10.1038/s41377-026-02228-2

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

Sub-1-volt, reconfigurable Gires-Tournois resonators for full-coloured monopixel array

Original Articles

- Sub-1-volt, reconfigurable Gires-Tournois resonators for full-coloured monopixel array
- Light: Science & Applications Vol. 15, Issue 5, Pages: 1541-1553(2026)
- Affiliations：
  
  1.School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
  2.Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
  3.School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
  4.GIST InnoCORE AI-Nano Convergence Initiative for Early Detection of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
  5.Department of Semiconductor Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Author bio：
  
  Hyeon-Ho Jeong (jeong323@gist.ac.kr)
  Young Min Song (ymsong@kaist.ac.kr)
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1038/s41377-026-02228-2
  CLC：
- Received：09 September 2025，
  
  Revised：2026-01-24，
  
  Accepted：04 February 2026，
  
  Online First：28 February 2026，
  
  Published：31 May 2026
- Accepted：
Scan QR Code
Ko, J. H. et al. Sub-1-volt, reconfigurable Gires-Tournois resonators for full-coloured monopixel array. Light: Science & Applications, 15, 1541-1553 (2026).
DOI：

Ko, J. H. et al. Sub-1-volt, reconfigurable Gires-Tournois resonators for full-coloured monopixel array. Light: Science & Applications, 15, 1541-1553 (2026). DOI： 10.1038/s41377-026-02228-2.

摘要

Abstract

Achieving vibrant

energy-efficient colour modulation across micrometre-scale pixels is a critical challenge in modern display technology. Conventional approaches face limitations in scalability

high operating voltages

and light loss. Emerging monopixel designs with active materials promise a path to dynamic colour modulation without these drawbacks. However

achieving uniform

energy-efficient colour modulation across the full visible spectrum has remained difficult. Here

we introduce a full-colour

electrically reconfigurable Gires-Tournois (

-GT) resonator integrated with the conductive polymer (polyaniline

PANI)

representing a significant advance in monopixel display technology. This system enables modulation of complex refractive indices within a sub-1-volt range

producing vibrant colour shifts that exceed complementary hue ranges. The

-GT resonator operates at CMOS-compatible voltages with ultralow-power consumption (90 μW cm

−2

)

offering scalability from ultrahigh pixel densities (~16

900 PPI) to wafer-scale fabrication. Furthermore

PANI’s metastable states enable memory-in-pixel operation

significantly reducing energy consumption compared to emissive displays. The successful demonstration of a 5 × 5 monopixel array system validates its potential for scal

able

energy-efficient

and high-performance photonic applications.

关键词

Keywords

references

Joo, W. J. et al. Metasurface-driven OLED displays beyond 10,000 pixels per inch. Science 370 , 459–463 (2020)..

Kang, J. H. et al. Monolithic 3D integration of 2D materials-based electronics towards ultimate edge computing solutions. Nat. Mater. 22 , 1470–1477 (2023)..

Yin, K. et al. Advanced liquid crystal devices for augmented reality and virtual reality displays: principles and applications. Light Sci. Appl. 11 , 161 (2022)..

Herle, D.et al. Emulating paper: a review of reflective display technologies. J. Opt. Microsyst. 4 , 020901 (2024)..

Hong, J. et al. Continuous color reflective disp lays using interferometric absorption. Optica 2 , 589–597 (2015)..

Neubrech, F., Duan, X. Y. & Liu, N. Dynamic plasmonic color generation enabled by functional materials. Sci. Adv. 6 , eabc2709 (2020)..

Xiong, K. L. et al. Video-rate switching of high-reflectivity hybrid cavities spanning all primary colors. Adv. Mater. 35 , 2302028 (2023)..

Hosseini, P., Wright, C. D. & Bhaskaran, H. An optoelectronic framework enabled by low-dimensional phase-change films. Nature 511 , 206–211 (2014)..

Yoo, S. et al. Multicolor changeable optical coating by adopting multiple layers of ultrathin phase change material film. ACS Photonics 3 , 1265–1270 (2016)..

Weigand, H. et al. Enhanced electro-optic modulation in resonant metasurfaces of lithium niobate. ACS Photonics 8 , 3004–3009 (2021)..

Kanwal, A. et al. Trans-reflective tunable color filter using electro-optic material. Opt. Mater. Express 14 , 522–537 (2024)..

Kim, G. et al. Programmable directional color dynamics using plasmonics. Microsyst. Nanoeng. 10 , 22 (2024)..

Ko, J. H. et al. Electrochromic nanopixels with optical duality for optical encryption applications. Nanophotonics 13 , 1119–1129 (2024)..

Peng, J. L. et al. In-situ spectro-electrochemistry of conductive polymers using plasmonics to reveal doping mechanisms. ACS Nano 16 , 21120–21128 (2022)..

Ko, J. H. et al. Sub-1-volt electrically programmable optical modulator based on active Tamm plasmon. Adv. Mater. 36 , 2310556 (2024)..

Peng, J. L. et al. Scalable electrochromic nanopixels using plasmonics. Sci. Adv. 5 , eaaw2205 (2019)..

Snellen, H. On the methods of determining the acuity of vision. Syst. Dis. Eye 2 , 93–98 (1897)..

Ashraf, M., Chapiro, A. & Mantiuk, R. K. Resolution limit of the eye: how manypixels can we see? Print at https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2410.06068 https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2410.06068 (2024).

Inoue, S. et al. High-resolution microencapsulated electrophoretic display (EPD) driven by poly-Si TFTs with four-level grayscale. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 49 , 1532–1539 (2002)..

Kodaira, T. et al. A flexible 2.1-in. active-matrix electrophoretic display with high resolution and a thickness of 100 μm. J. Soc. Inf. Disp. 16 , 107–111 (2008)..

Liang, R. C. et al. Electrophoretic display and novel process for its manufacture. US Patent 6, 750, 844 (2004).

Comiskey, B. et al. An electrophoretic ink for all-printed reflective electronic displays. Nature 394 , 253–255 (1998)..

Dou, Y. Y. et al. Oil motion control by an extra pinning structure in an electro-fluidic display. Sensors 18 , 1114 (2018)..

Hayes, R. A. et al. 52.1: a high brightness colour 160 PPI reflective display technology based on electrowetting. SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Pap. 35 , 1412–1415 (2004)..

Chen, X. et al. Screen printing insulator coatings for electrofluidic display devices. Phys. Status Solidi 212 , 2023–2030 (2015)..

Lim, K. S. et al. P-67: wide bandwidth reflective microshutter blind panel for transparent organic light-emitting diode display. SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Pap. 47 , 1389–1391 (2016)..

Chan, E. K. et al. Continuous color reflective display fabricated in integrated MEMS-and-TFT-on-glass process. J. Microelectromech. Syst. 26 , 143–157 (2017)..

Douglass, M. R. Lifetime estimates and unique failure mechanisms of the Digital Micromirror Device (DMD). In 1998 IEEE Int. Reliab. Phys. Symp. Proc . 9–16 (IEEE, 1998).

Hong, J. et al. 54.4L: Late-news paper : single mirror interferometric display–a new paradigm for reflective display technologies. SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Pap. 45 , 793–796 (2014)..

Sun, Z. B. et al. 49.5: True glass-based micro-display with 3µm pixel size using deformed helix ferroelectric liquid crystal for VR/AR displays. SID Symp. Dig. Tech. Pap. 52 , 600–603 (2021)..

Sun, Z. B. Fast ultra-high-ppi display for AR/VR and phase modulation device based on deformed helix ferroelectric liquid crystal . PhD thesis, Hong Kong Univ. Sci. Technol. (2022).

Sun, Z. B. et al. Fringe field effect free high-resolution display and photonic devices using deformed helix ferroelectric liquid crystal. Liq. Cryst. 48 , 100–110 (2021)..

Zhang, Q. R. et al. Novel frame buffer pixel circuits and silicon backplane development for polarization-independent LCOS. IEEE Photonics J. 16 , 2201109 (2024)..

Yoo, Y. J. et al. Gires–tournois immunoassay platform for label-free bright-field imaging and facile quantification of bioparticles. Adv. Mater. 34 , 2110003 (2022)..

Park, J., Kim, S. J. & Brongersma, M. L. Condition for unity absorption in an ultrathin and highly lossy film in a Gires–Tournois interferometer configuration. Opt. Lett. 40 , 1960–1963 (2015)..

Fernández, M. R., Casanova, E. Z. & Alonso, I. G. Review of display technologies focusing on power consumption. Sustainability 7 , 10854–10875 (2015)..

Kress, B. C. Digital opt ical elements and technologies (EDO19): applications to AR/VR/MR. Proc. SPIE 11062 , 1106222 (2019)..

Jin, M. L. et al. Optofluid-based reflective displays. Micromachines 9 , 159 (2018)..

Nelson, E. W. et al. Full-color reflective displays. In IS&T’s 50th Annual Conference 669–673 (The Society for Imaging Science and Technology, 1997).

Pridmore, R. W. Complementary colors: a literature review. Color Res. Appl. 46 , 482–488 (2021)..

Zhang, S. Y. et al. Solution-processable multicolor TiO 2 /polyaniline nanocomposite for integrated bifunctional electrochromic energy storage device. Appl. Surf. Sci. 607 , 155015 (2023)..

Gugole, M. et al. Electrochromic inorganic nanostructures with high chromaticity and superior brightness. Nano Lett. 21 , 4343–4350 (2021)..

Sato, N. & Okamoto, G. Electrochemical passivation of metals. In Electrochemical Materials Science (eds. Bockris, J. O. M. et al.) 193–245 (Springer, 1981).

Ehman, M. F. et al. Characterisation of thin surface films on germanium in various solvents by ellipsometry. J. Mater. Sci. 6 , 969–973 (1971)..

Almuslem, A. S. et al. Water soluble nano-scale transient material germanium oxide for zero toxic waste based environmentally benign nano-manufacturing. Appl. Phys. Lett. 110 , 074103 (2017)..

Arro, C. R., Mohamed, A. T. I. & Bensalah, N. Impact of Ge content on the electrochemical performance of Germanium Oxide/Germanium/ reduced graphene (GeO 2 /Ge/r-GO) hybrid composite anodes for lithium-ion batteries. Mater. Today Commun. 30 , 103151 (2022)..

Bioud, Y. A. et al. Shape control of cathodized germanium oxide nanoparticles. Electrochem. Commun. 122 , 106906 (2021)..

Mirmohseni, A. & Oladegaragoze, A. Anti-corrosive properties of polyaniline coating on iron. Synth. Met. 114 , 105–108 (2000)..

Kang, J. et al. Suppression of dark current in GeO x -passivated germanium metal-semiconductor-metal photodetector by plasma post-oxidation. Opt. Express 23 , 16967–16976 (2015)..

Saito, S. et al. First-principles study to obtain evidence of low interface defect density at Ge/GeO 2 interfaces. Appl. Phys. Lett. 95 , 011908 (2009)..

Chang, C. L. et al. Toward the next-generation VR/AR optics: a review of holographic near-eye displays from a human-centric perspective. Optica 7 , 1563–1578 (2020)..

Aston, M. Design of large-area OLED displays utilizing seamless tiled components. J. Soc. Inf. Disp. 15 , 535–540 (2007)..

Park, H. et al. A skin-integrated transparent and stretchable strain sensor with interactive color-changing electrochromic displays. Nanoscale 9 , 7631–7640 (2017)..

Liu, G.D. et al. Employing polyaniline/viologen complementarity to enhance coloration and charge dissipation in multicolor electrochromic display with wide modulation range. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 655 , 493–507 (2024)..

Gong, H. et al. Ultrathin flexible electrochromic devices enabled by highly transparent ion-conducting films. J. Mater. Chem. A 11 , 8939–8949 (2023)..

Brooke, R. et al. Electrochromic displays manufactured by a combination of vapor phase polymerization and screen printing. Adv. Mater. Technol. 7 , 2200054 (2022)..

Li, Y. W. et al. Colorful electrochromic displays with high visual quality based on porous metamaterials. Adv. Mater. 35 , 2300116 (2023)..

Zhang, W., Li, H. Z. & Elezzabi, A. Y. Electrochromic displays having two-dimensional CIE color space tunability. Adv. Funct. Mater. 32 , 2108341 (2022)..

Prabhathan, P. et al. Electrically tunable steganographic nano-optical coatings. Nano Lett. 23 , 5236–5241 (2023)..

Guo, T. B. et al. Durable and programmable ultrafast nanophotonic matrix of spectral pixels. Nat. Nanotechnol. 19 , 1635–1643 (2024)..

Franklin, D. et al. Polarization-independent actively tunable colour generation on imprinted plasmonic surfaces. Nat. Commun. 6 , 7337 (2015)..

Huang, M. T. et al. Dynamically tunable structural colors enabled by pixelated programming of soft materia ls on thickness. Adv. Opt. Mater. 11 , 2300573 (2023)..

Fu, Q. Q. et al. Electrically responsive photonic crystals with bistable states for low-power electrophoretic color displays. Nat. Commun. 13 , 7007 (2022)..

Fu, Q. Q., Zhu, H. M. & Ge, J. P. Electrically tunable liquid photonic crystals with large dielectric contrast and highly saturated structural colors. Adv. Funct. Mater. 28 , 1804628 (2018)..

Meng, Z. et al. Tunable microwave absorbing devices enabled by reversible metal electrodeposition. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 16 , 11686–11693 (2024)..

Moon, C. W., Kim, Y. & Hyun, J. K. Active electrochemical high-contrast gratings as on/off switchable and color tunable pixels. Nat. Commun. 13 , 3391 (2022)..

Lee, S. H. et al. Memory-in-pixel circuit for low-power liquid crystal displays comprising oxide thin-film transistors. IEEE Electron Device Lett. 38 , 1551–1554 (2017)..

World Wide Web Consortium. Web content accessibility guidelines (WCAG) 2.1. W3C. https://www.w3.org/TR/2025/REC-WCAG21-20250506/ https://www.w3.org/TR/2025/REC-WCAG21-20250506/ (2025).

Yang, J. et al. Toward full-color electroluminescent quantum dot displays. Nano Lett. 21 , 26–33 (2021)..

Kim, T. H. et al. Full-colour quantum dot displays fabricated by transfer printing. Nat. Photonics 5 , 176–182 (2011)..

Chun, F. J. et al. Multicolour stretchable perovskite electroluminescent devices for user-interactive displays. Nat. Photonics 18 , 856–863 (2024)..

Koo, J. H. et al. Wearable electrocardiogram monitor using carbon nanotube electronics and color-tunable organic light-emitting diodes. ACS Nano 11 , 10032–10041 (2017)..

Liu, J. et al. Trifunctional CdSe quantum dots-polymer composite film with electrochromic, electrofluorescent and light-induced coloration effects. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 177 , 82–88 (2018)..

Luk, C. M. et al. Optically and electrically tunable graphene quantum dot–polyaniline composite films. J. Mater. Chem. C. 2 , 4526–4532 (2014)..

Gao, L. et al. High-loading homogeneous crosslinking enabled ultra-stable vertical organic electrochemical transistors for implantable neural interfaces. Nano Energy 129 , 110062 (2024)..

Karst, J. et al. Electrically switchable metallic polymer nanoantennas. Science 374 , 612–616 (2021)..

Lin, Y. J. et al. Printable fabrication of a fully integrated and self-powered sensor system on plastic substrates. Adv. Mater. 31 , 1804285 (2019)..

van de Burgt, Y. et al. A non-volatile organic electrochemical device as a low-voltage artificial synapse for neuromorphic computing. Nat. Mater. 16 , 414–418 (2017)..

Shao, Z. W. et al. All-solid-state proton-based tandem structures for fast-switching electrochromic devices. Nat. Electron. 5 , 45–52 (2022)..

Windt, D. L. et al. Optical constants for thin films of Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Ir, Os, Pt, and Au from 24 Å to 1216 Å. Appl. Opt. 27 , 246–278 (1988)..

Garahan, A. et al. Effective optical properties of absorbing nanoporous and nanocomposite thin films. J. Appl. Phys. 101 , 014320 (2007)..

Views

Downloads

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

Submit

Tools

Publicity Resources

Multicolor interband solitons in microcombs

Intrinsically stretchable organic light-emitting-diode with high brightness and stretchability via elastic-microphase-engineered emitter and dual-embedded electrode

Superextensive electrical power from a quantum battery

Single-shot, reference-less computational wavefront sensing for complex optical fields

Integrated optomechanical ultrasonic sensors with nano-Pascal-level sensitivity

Related Author

No data

Related Institution

No data

⁰