Electro-optic tuning in composite silicon photonics based on ferroionic 2D materials

Ghada Dushaq; Solomon Serunjogi; Srinivasa R. Tamalampudi; Mahmoud Rasras

doi:10.1038/s41377-024-01432-2

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

Electro-optic tuning in composite silicon photonics based on ferroionic 2D materials

Original Articles

- Electro-optic tuning in composite silicon photonics based on ferroionic 2D materials
- Electro-optic tuning in composite silicon photonics based on ferroionic 2D materials
- Light: Science & Applications 2024年13卷第5期页码：852-864
- Affiliations：
  
  1.Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
  2.NYU Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Author bio：
  
  Ghada Dushaq (ghd1@nyu.edu)
  Mahmoud Rasras (mr5098@nyu.edu)
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1038/s41377-024-01432-2
  中图分类号：
- 收稿：2023-10-14，
  
  修回：2024-03-15，
  
  录用：2024-03-18，
  
  网络出版：2024-04-19，
  
  纸质出版：2024-05-31
- Accepted：
Scan QR Code
Ghada Dushaq, Solomon Serunjogi, Srinivasa R. Tamalampudi, 等. Electro-optic tuning in composite silicon photonics based on ferroionic 2D materials[J]. Light: Science & Applications, 2024,13(5):852-864.

Dushaq, G. et al. Electro-optic tuning in composite silicon photonics based on ferroionic 2D materials. Light: Science & Applications, 13, 852-864 (2024).
Ghada Dushaq, Solomon Serunjogi, Srinivasa R. Tamalampudi, 等. Electro-optic tuning in composite silicon photonics based on ferroionic 2D materials[J]. Light: Science & Applications, 2024,13(5):852-864. DOI： 10.1038/s41377-024-01432-2.

Dushaq, G. et al. Electro-optic tuning in composite silicon photonics based on ferroionic 2D materials. Light: Science & Applications, 13, 852-864 (2024). DOI： 10.1038/s41377-024-01432-2.

摘要

Abstract

Tunable optical materials are indispensable elements in modern optoelectronics

especially in integrated photonics circuits where precise control over the effective refractive index is essential for diverse applications. Two-dimensional materials like transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) and graphene exhibit remarkable optical responses to external stimuli. However

achieving distinctive modulation across short-wave infrared (SWIR) regions while enabling precise phase control at low signal loss within a compact footprint remains an ongoing challenge. In this work

we unveil the robust electro-refractive response of multilayer ferroionic two-dimensional CuCrP

(CCPS) in the near-infrared wavelength range. By integrating CCPS into silicon photonics (SiPh) microring resonators (MRR)

we enhance light-matter interaction and measurement sensitivity to minute phase and absorption variations. Results show that electrically driven Cu ions can tune the effective refractive index on the order of 2.8 × 10

−3

RIU (refractive index unit) while pres

erving extinction ratios and resonance linewidth. Notably

these devices exhibit low optical losses and excellent modulation efficiency of 0.25 V.cm with a consistent blue shift in the resonance wavelengths among all devices for either polarity of the applied voltage. These results outperform earlier findings on phase shifters based on TMDs. Furthermore

our study demonstrates distinct variations in electro-optic tuning sensitivity when comparing transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes

revealing a polarization-dependent response that paves the way for diverse applications in light manipulation. The combined optoelectronic and ionotronic capabilities of two-terminal CCPS devices present extensive opportunities across several domains. Their potential applications range from phased arrays and optical switching to their use in environmental sensing and metrology

optical imaging systems

and neuromorphic systems in light-sensitive artificial synapses.

关键词

Keywords

references

Lam, C. F. et al. Fiber optic communication technologies: what's needed for datacenter network operations. IEEE Commun. Mag. 48 , 32–39 (2010)..

Han, F. et al. Materials with tunable optical properties for wearable epidermal sensing in health monitoring. Adv. Mater. 34 , 2109055 (2022)..

Ko, J. H. et al. A review of tunable photonics: optically activ e materials and applications from visible to terahertz. iScience 25 , 104727 (2022)..

Ma, Q. J. et al. Tunable optical properties of 2D materials and their applications. Adv. Opt. Mater. 9 , 2001313 (2021)..

Phare, C. T. et al. Graphene electro-optic modulator with 30 GHz bandwidth. Nat. Photonics 9 , 511–514 (2015)..

Liu, M. et al. A graphene-based broadband optical modulator. Nature 474 , 64–67 (2011)..

Datta, I. et al. Low-loss composite photonic platform based on 2D semiconductor monolayers. Nat. Photonics 14 , 256–262 (2020)..

Ono, M. et al. Ultrafast and energy-efficient all-optical switching with graphene-loaded deep-subwavelength plasmonic waveguides. Nat. Photonics 14 , 37–43 (2020)..

Cheng, Z. et al. Phosphorene-assisted silicon photonic modulator with fast response time. Nanophotonics 9 , 1973–1979 (2020)..

Ma, Z. Z. et al. Two-dimensional material-based mode confinement engineering in electro-optic modulators. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 23 , 3400208 (2017)..

Ross, J. S. et al. Electrically tunable excitonic light-emitting diodes based on monolayer WSe 2 p–n junctions. Nat. Nanotechnol. 9 , 268–272 (2014)..

Pospischil, A. & Mueller, T. Optoelectronic devices based on atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides. Appl. Sci. 6 , 78 (2016)..

Yu, Y. L. et al. Giant gating tunability of optical refractive index in transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers. Nano Lett. 17 , 3613–3618 (2017)..

Chernikov, A. et al. Electrical tuning of exciton binding energies in monolayer WS 2 . Phys. Rev. Lett. 115 , 126802 (2015)..

Ross, J. S. et al. Electrical control of neutral and charged excitons in a monolayer semiconductor. Nat. Commun. 4 , 1474 (2013)..

Chen, H. et al. Heterogeneous integrated phase modulator based on two-dimensional layered materials. Photonics Res. 10 , 1401–1407 (2022)..

Zhang, Z. M. et al. Racetrack resonator based integrated phase shifters on silicon nitride platform. Infrared Phys. Technol. 125 , 104276 (2022)..

Reed, G. T. et al. Silicon optical modulators. Nat. Photonics 4 , 518–526 (2010)..

Noorden, A. F. A., Daud, S. & Ali, J. Implication of plasma dispersion effect for controlling refractive index in microresonator. AIP Conf. Proc. 1824 , 030001 (2017)..

Liu, A. S. et al. High-speed optical modulation based on carrier depletion in a silicon waveguide. Opt. Express 15 , 660–668 (2007)..

Punch, J. Thermal challenges in photonic integrated circuits. In : Proceedings of the 2012 13th International Thermal, Mechanical and Multi-Physics Simulation and Experiments in Microelectronics and Microsystems. Cascais, Po rtugal: IEEE, 2012.

Zhou, J. C. et al. 2D ferroionics: conductive switching mechanisms and transition boundaries in van der Waals layered material CuInP 2 S 6 . Adv. Mater. 35 , 2302419 (2023)..

Lai, Y. F. et al. Two-dimensional ferromagnetism and driven ferroelectricity in van der Waals CuCrP 2 S 6 . Nanoscale 11 , 5163–5170 (2019)..

Wang, C. S. et al. Towards two-dimensional van der Waals ferroelectrics. Nat. Mater. 22 , 542–552 (2023)..

Ma, R. R. et al. Nanoscale mapping of Cu-Ion transport in van der Waals layered CuCrP 2 S 6 . Adv. Mater. Interfaces 9 , 2101769 (2022)..

Wang, X. L. et al. Electrical and magnetic anisotropies in van der Waals multiferroic CuCrP 2 S 6 . Nat. Commun. 14 , 840 (2023)..

Zhu, H. F. et al. Highly tunable lateral homojunction formed in two-dimensional layered CuInP 2 S 6 vi a in-plane ionic migration. ACS Nano 17 , 1239–1246 (2023)..

Park, C. B. et al. Observation of spin-induced ferroelectricity in a layered van der Waals antiferromagnet CuCrP 2 S 6 . Adv. Electron. Mater. 8 , 2101072 (2022)..

Zhang, D. W. et al. Anisotropic ion migration and electronic conduction in van der Waals ferroelectric CuInP 2 S 6 . Nano Lett. 21 , 995–1002 (2021)..

Zhong, Z. P. et al. Robust threshold-switching behavior assisted by Cu migration in a ferroionic CuInP 2 S 6 heterostructure. ACS Nano 17 , 12563–12572 (2023)..

Jiang, X. et al. Manipulation of current rectification in van der Waals ferroionic CuInP 2 S 6 . Nat. Commun. 13 , 574 (2022)..

Rong, D. K. et al. Ion migration induced bipolar diode effect and ferroelectricity modulation in CuInP 2 S 6 . Appl. Phys. Lett. 122 , 181902 (2023)..

Deng, J. M. et al. Thickness-dependent in-plane polarization and structural phase transition in van der Waals ferroelectric CuInP 2 S 6 . Small 16 , 1904529 (2020)..

Wang, Y. N. et al. A gate-tunable artificial synapse based on vertically assembled van der Waals ferroelectric heterojunction. J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 128 , 239–244 (2022)..

Liu, Y. Q. et al. Versatile memristor implemented in van der Waals CuInP 2 S 6 . Nano Res. 16 , 10191–10197 (2023)..

Li, W. Y. et al. A gate programmable van der Waals metal-ferroelectric-semiconductor vertical heterojunction memory. Adv. Mater. 35 , 2208266 (2023)..

Ma, Y. C. et al. High-performance van der Waals antiferroelectric CuCrP 2 S 6 -based memristors. Nat. Commun. 14 , 7891 (2023)..

Ortmann, J. E. et al. Ultra-low-power tuning in hybrid barium titanate–silicon nitride electro-optic devices on silicon. ACS Photonics 6 , 2677–2684 (2019)..

Mahmoud, M. et al. Lithium niobate electro-optic racetrack modulator etched in Y-cut LNOI platform. IEEE Photonics J. 10 , 6600410 (2018)..

Cai, L. T., Mahmoud, A. & Piazza, G. Low-loss waveguides on Y-cut thin film lithium niobate: towards acousto-optic applications. Opt. Express 27 , 9794–9802 (2019)..

Susner, M. A. et al. Metal thio- and selenophosphates as multifunctional van der Waals layered materials. Adv. Mater. 29 , 1602852 (2017)..

Maisonneuve, V. et al. Ionic conductivity in ferroic CuInP 2 S 6 and CuCrP 2 S 6 . Ferroelectrics 196 , 257–260 (1997)..

Selter, S. et al. Crystal growth, exfoliation, and magnetic properties of quaternary quasi-two-dimensional CuCrP 2 S 6 . Phys. Rev. Mater. 7 , 033402 (2023)..

Maisonneuve, V., Payen, C. & Cajipe, V. B. On CuCrP 2 S 6 : copper disorder, stacking distortions, and magnetic ordering. J. Solid State Chem. 116 , 208–210 (1995)..

Susner, M. A. et al. Temperature-dependent Raman scattering and x-ray diffraction study of phase transitions in layered multiferroic CuCrP 2 S 6 . Phys. Rev. Mater. 4 , 104003 (2020)..

Asif, M. & Kumar, A. Resistive switching in emerging materials and their characteristics for neuromorphic computing. Mater. Today Electron. 1 , 100004 (2022)..

Yang, Y. F. et al. A new opportunity for the emerging tellurium semiconductor: making resistive switching devices. Nat. Commun. 12 , 6081 (2021)..

Chen, X. Y. et al. Optical transmission properties of Si 3 N 4 add-drop micro-ring resonator induced by a Fabry–Perot resonance effect. Sensors 21 , 6370 (2021)..

Dushaq, G. et al. On-chip integration of 2D Van der Waals germanium phosphide (GeP) for active silicon photonics devices. Opt. Express 30 , 15986–15997 (2022)..

Dushaq, G . et al. Anisotropic van der Waals 2D GeAs integrated on silicon four-waveguide crossing. J. Light. Technol. 41 , 1784–1789 (2023)..

Tamalampudi, S. R. et al. A multi-layered GaGeTe electro-optic device integrated in silicon photonics. J. Light. Technol. 41 , 2785–2791 (2023)..

Maiti, R. et al. Strain-engineered high-responsivity MoTe 2 photodetector for silicon photonic integrated circuits. Nat. Photonics 14 , 578–584 (2020)..

Wei, G. H. et al. Silicon-nitride photonic circuits interfaced with monolayer MoS 2 . Appl. Phys. Lett. 107 , 091112 (2015)..

Geler-Kremer, J. et al. A ferroelectric multilevel non-volatile photonic phase shifter. Nat. Photonics 16 , 491–497 (2022)..

Gan, S. et al. A highly efficient thermo-optic microring modulator assisted by graphene. Nanoscale 7 , 20249–20255 (2015)..

He, M. B. et al. High-performance hybrid silicon and lithium niobate Mach–Zehnder modulators for 100 Gbit s −1 and beyond. Nat. Photonics 13 , 359–364 (2019)..

Abel, S. et al. Large Pockels effect in micro- and nanostructured barium titanate integrated on silicon. Nat. Mater. 18 , 42–47 (2019)..

浏览量

Downloads

CSCD

文章被引用时，请邮件提醒。

Submit

工具集

关联资源

Light | 基于硅基集成CCPS二维材料的电光调制技术

暂无数据