Germanium disulfide as an alternative high refractive index and transparent material for UV-visible nanophotonics

Aleksandr S. Slavich; Georgy A. Ermolaev; Ilya A. Zavidovskiy; Dmitriy V. Grudinin; Konstantin V. Kravtsov; Mikhail K. Tatmyshevskiy; Mikhail S. Mironov; Adilet N. Toksumakov; Gleb I. Tselikov; Ilia M. Fradkin; Kirill V. Voronin; Maksim R. Povolotskiy; Olga G. Matveeva; Alexander V. Syuy; Dmitry I. Yakubovsky; Dmitry M. Tsymbarenko; Ivan Kruglov; Davit A. Ghazaryan; Sergey M. Novikov; Andrey A. Vyshnevyy; Aleksey V. Arsenin; Valentyn S. Volkov; Kostya S. Novoselov

doi:10.1038/s41377-025-01886-y

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

Germanium disulfide as an alternative high refractive index and transparent material for UV-visible nanophotonics

Original Articles

- Germanium disulfide as an alternative high refractive index and transparent material for UV-visible nanophotonics
- Germanium disulfide as an alternative high refractive index and transparent material for UV-visible nanophotonics
- LSA 2025年14卷第8期页码：2252-2262
- Affiliations：
  
  1.Emerging Technologies Research Center, XPANCEO, Internet City, Emmay Tower, Dubai, UAE
  2.Moscow Center for Advanced Studies, Kulakova str. 20, Moscow 123592, Russia
  3.Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
  4.Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
  5.Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Yerevan State University, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
  6.National Graphene Institute (NGI), University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
  7.Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 03-09 EA, Singapore
  8.Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, 117544 Singapore, Singapore
- Author bio：
  
  Valentyn S. Volkov (vsv@xpanceo.com)
  Kostya S. Novoselov (kostya@nus.edu.sg)
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1038/s41377-025-01886-y
  中图分类号：
- 收稿日期：2024-12-10，
  
  修回日期：2025-04-14，
  
  录用日期：2025-05-06，
  
  网络出版日期：2025-06-18，
  
  纸质出版日期：2025-08-31
- Accepted：
Scan QR Code
Germanium disulfide as an alternative high refractive index and transparent material for UV-visible nanophotonics[J]. LSA, 2025,14(8):2252-2262.

Slavich, A. S. et al. Germanium disulfide as an alternative high refractive index and transparent material for UV-visible nanophotonics. Light: Science & Applications, 14, 2252-2262 (2025).
Germanium disulfide as an alternative high refractive index and transparent material for UV-visible nanophotonics[J]. LSA, 2025,14(8):2252-2262. DOI： 10.1038/s41377-025-01886-y.

Slavich, A. S. et al. Germanium disulfide as an alternative high refractive index and transparent material for UV-visible nanophotonics. Light: Science & Applications, 14, 2252-2262 (2025). DOI： 10.1038/s41377-025-01886-y.

摘要

Abstract

Thanks to their record high refractive index and giant optical anisotropy

van der Waals (vdW) materials have accelerated the development of nanophotonics. However

traditional high refractive index materials

such as titanium dioxide (TiO

)

still dominate in the most important visible range. This is due to the current lack of transparent vdW materials across the entire visible spectrum. In this context

we propose that germanium disulfide (GeS

) could offer a significant breakthrough. With its high refractive index

negligible losses

and biaxial optical anisotropy across the whole visible range

GeS

has the potential to complement TiO

and close the application gap of vdW materials in the visible spectrum. The addition of GeS

could have a profound impact on the design of van der Waals nanophotonic circuits for any operation wavelength from ultraviolet to infrared

emphasizing the significance of the potential impact of GeS

on the field of nanophotonics.

关键词

Keywords

references

Novoselov, K. S. et al. Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 306 , 666–669 (2004)..

Ermolaev, G. A. et al. Giant optical anisotropy in transition metal dichalcogenides for next-generation photonics. Nat. Commun. 12 , 854 (2021)..

Vyshnevyy, A. A. et al. van der Waals materials for overcoming fundamental limitations in photonic integrated circuitry. Nano Lett. 23 , 8057–8064 (2023)..

Zotev, P. G. et al. Van der Waals materials for applications in nanophotonics. Laser Photonics Rev. 17 , 2200957 (2023)..

Munkhbat, B. et al. Optical constants of several multilayer transition metal dichalcogenides measured by spectroscopic ellipsometry in the 300-1700 nm range: High index, anisotropy, and hyperbolicity. ACS Photonics 9 , 2398–2407 (2022)..

Ermolaev, G. et al. Van Der Waals materials for subdiffractional light guidance. Photonics 9 , 744 (2022)..

Ermolaev, G. et al. Topological phase singularities in atomically thin high-refractive-index materials. Nat. Commun. 13 , 2049 (2022)..

Maslova, V., Lebedev, P. & Baranov, D. G. Topological phase singularities in light reflection fromnon‐hermitian uniaxial media. Adv. Opt. Mater. 12 , 2303263 (2024)..

Popkova, A. A. et al. Nonlinear exciton‐Mie coupling in transition metal dichalcogenide nanoresonators. Laser Photonics Rev. 16 , 2100604 (2022)..

Munkhbat, B. et al. Nanostruc tured transition metal dichalcogenide multilayers for advanced nanophotonics. Laser Photonics Rev. 17 , 2200057 (2023)..

Hu, F. et al. Imaging exciton–polariton transport in MoSe 2 waveguides. Nat. Photonics 11 , 356–360 (2017)..

Liu, B. et al. Long-range propagation of exciton-polaritons in large-area 2D semiconductor monolayers. ACS Nano 17 , 14442–14448 (2023)..

Slavich, A. S. et al. Exploring van der Waals materials with high anisotropy: geometrical and optical approaches. Light Sci. Appl. 13 , 68 (2024)..

Álvarez-Pérez, G. et al. Infrared permittivity of the biaxial van der waals semiconductor α-MoO 3 from near- and far-field correlative studies. Adv. Mater. 32 , 1908176 (2020)..

Deng, B. C. et al. Progress on black phosphorus photonics. Adv. Opt. Mater. 6 , 1800365 (2018)..

Enders, M. T. et al. Deeply subwavelength mid-infrared phase retardation with α-MoO 3 flakes. Commun. Mater. 5 , 16 (2024)..

Voronin, K. V. et al. Chiral photonic super‐crystals based on helical van der Waals homostructures. Laser Photonics Rev. 18 , 2301113 (2024)..

Hu, G. W. et al. Topological polaritons and photonic magic angles in twisted α-MoO 3 bilayers. Nature 582 , 209–213 (2020)..

Duan, J. et al. Multiple and spectrally robust photonic magic angles in reconfigurable α-MoO 3 trilayers. Nat. Mater. 22 , 867–872 (2023)..

Engel, M., Steiner, M. & Avouris, P. Black phosphorus photodetector for multispectral, high-resolution imaging. Nano Lett. 14 , 6414–6417 (2014)..

Yuan, H. T. et al. Polarization-sensitive broadband photodetector using a black phosphorus vertical p–n junction. Nat. Nanotechnol. 10 , 707–713 (2015)..

Ermolaev, G. A. et al. Wandering principal optical axes in van der Waals triclinic materials. Nat. Commun. 15 , 1552 (2024)..

Voronin, K. V. et al . Programmable carbon nanotube networks: controlling optical properties through orientation and interaction. Adv. Sci. 11 , 2404694 (2024)..

Khurgin, J. B. Expanding the photonic palette: exploring high index materials. ACS Photonics 9 , 743–751 (2022)..

Ling, H. N., Li, R. J. & Davoyan, A. R. All van der Waals integrated nanophotonics with bulk transition metal dichalcogenides. ACS Photonics 8 , 721–730 (2021)..

Hentschel, M. et al. Dielectric Mie voids: confining light in air. Light Sci. Appl. 12 , 3 (2023)..

Fedorov, V. V. et al. Nanoscale gallium phosphide epilayers on sapphire for low-loss visible nanophotonics. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 5 , 8846–8858 (2022)..

Sun, S. et al. All-dielectric full-color printing with TiO 2 metasurfaces. ACS Nano 11 , 4445–4452 (2017)..

Dittmar, G. & Schäfer, H. Die Kristallstruktur von H.T.-GeS 2 . Acta Crystallogr. Sect. B 31 , 2060–2064 (1975)..

Nikolic, P. M. & Popovic, Z. V. Some optical properties of GeS 2 single crystals. J. Phys. C 12 , 1151–1156 (1979)..

Popović, Z. V. et al. High-pressure Raman scattering and optical absorption study of β‐GeS 2 . Phys. Status Solidi B 198 , 533–537 (1996)..

Yang, Y. S. et al. Polarization‐sensitive ultraviolet photodetection of anisotropic 2D GeS 2 . Adv. Funct. Mater. 29 , 1900411 (2019)..

Tverjanovich, A., Tveryanovich, Y. S. & Shahbazova, C. Structure and luminescent properties of glasses in the GeS 2 -Ga 2 S 3 -Sb 2 S 3 : Pr 3+ system. Materials 16 , 4672 (2023)..

Hosoya, K. et al. Preparation, properties, and photodoping behavior of GeS 2 -, Ga 2 S 3 -, and Sb 2 S 3 -based glasses with excess sulfur and CsCl. J. Mater. Res. 34 , 2747–2756 (2019)..

Delullier, P. et al. Femtosecond laser direct writing of gradient index Fresnel lens in GeS 2 -based chalcogenide glass for imaging applications. Appl. Sci. 12 , 4490 (2022)..

Kim, J. H., Yun, J. H. & Kim, D. K. A robust approach for efficient sodium storage of GeS 2 hybrid anode by electrochemically driven amorphization. Adv. Energy Mater. 8 , 1703499 (2018)..

Lu, Y. & Warner, J. H. Synthesis and applications of wide bandgap 2D layered semiconductors reaching the Green and blue wavelengths. ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. 2 , 1777–1814 (2020)..

Kaushik, S. & Singh, R. 2D layered materials for ultraviolet photodetection: a review. Adv. Opt. Mater. 9 , 2002214 (2021)..

Zhao, F. L., Feng, Y. Y. & Feng, W. Germanium‐based monoelemental and binary two‐dimensional materials: theoretical and experimental investigations and promising applications. InfoMat 4 , e12365 (2022)..

Inoue, K., Matsuda, O. & Murase, K. Raman spectra of tetrahedral vibrations in crystalline germanium dichalcogenides, GeS 2 and GeSe 2 , in high and low temperature forms. Solid State Commun. 79 , 905–910 (1991)..

Shearer, C. J. et al. Accurate thickness measurement of graphene. Nanotechnology 27 , 125704 (2016)..

Peimyoo, N. et al. Laser-writable high-k dielectric for van der Waals nanoelectronics. Sci. Adv. 5 , eaau0906 (2019)..

Yoon, D. et al. Strong polarization dependence of double-resonant Raman intensities in graphene. Nano Lett. 8 , 4270–4274 (2008)..

Tao, J. et al. Mechanical and electrical anisotropy of few-layer black phosphorus. ACS Nano 9 , 11362–11370 (2015)..

Kim, J. et al. Anomalous polarization dependence of Raman scattering and crystallographic orientation of black phosphorus. Nanoscale 7 , 18708–18715 (2015)..

Xu, X. L. et al. In-plane anisotropies of polarized raman response and electrical conductivity in layered tin selenide. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9 , 12601–12607 (2017)..

Zhang, S. S. et al. Spotting the differences in two-dimensional materials - the Raman scattering perspective. Chem. Soc. Rev. 47 , 3217–3240 (2018)..

Yang, S. X. et al. Highly in‐plane optical and electrical anisotropy of 2D germanium arsenide. Adv. Funct. Mater. 28 , 1707379 (2018)..

Šiškins, M. et al. Highly anisotropic mechanical and optical properties of 2D layered As 2 S 3 membranes. ACS Nano 13 , 10845–10851 (2019)..

Kim, J., Lee, J. U. & Cheong, H. Polarized Raman spectroscopy for studying two-dimensional materials. J. Phys. : Condens. Matter 32 , 343001 (2020)..

Choi, Y. et al. Complete determination of the crystallographic orientation of ReX 2 (X = S, Se) by polarized Raman spectroscopy. Nanoscale Horiz. 5 , 308–315 (2020)..

Puebla, S. et al. In-plane anisotropic optical and mechanical properties of two-dimensional MoO 3 . npj 2D Mater. Appl. 5 , 37 (2021)..

Tanaka, K. & Yamaguchi, M. Resonant Raman scattering in GeS 2 . J. Non-Crystalline Solids 227-230 , 757–760 (1998)..

Yan, H. J. et al. Investigation of weak int erlayer coupling in 2D layered GeS 2 from theory to experiment. Nano Res. 15 , 1013–1019 (2022)..

Qian, X., Zhou, J. W. & Chen, G. Phonon-engineered extreme thermal conductivity materials. Nat. Mater. 20 , 1188–1202 (2021)..

Dressel, M. et al. Kramers-Kronig-consistent optical functions of anisotropic crystals: generalized spectroscopic ellipsometry on pentacene. Opt. Express 16 , 19770–19778 (2008)..

Hu, D. B. et al. Probing optical anisotropy of nanometer-thin van der waals microcrystals by near-field imaging. Nat. Commun. 8 , 1471 (2017)..

Grudinin, D. V. et al. Hexagonal boron nitride nanophotonics: a record-breaking material for the ultraviolet and visible spectral ranges. Mater. Horiz. 10 , 2427–2435 (2023)..

Passler, N. C. & Paarmann, A. Generalized 4 × 4 matrix formalism for light propagation in anisotropic stratified media: Study of surface phonon polaritons in polar dielectric heterostructures. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 34 , 2128–2139 (2017)..

Gopakumar, M. et al. Full-colo ur 3D holographic augmented-reality displays with metasurface waveguides. Nature 629 , 791–797 (2024)..

Ding, Y. Q. et al. Waveguide-based augmented reality displays: perspectives and challenges. eLight 3 , 24 (2023)..

Ermolaev, G. A. et al. Optical constants and structural properties of epitaxial MoS 2 monolayers. Nanomaterials (Basel) 11 , 1411 (2021)..

Li, T. T. et al. Epitaxial growth of wafer-scale molybdenum disulfide semiconductor single crystals on sapphire. Nat. Nanotechnol. 16 , 1201–1207 (2021)..

Frisenda, R. et al. Micro-reflectance and transmittance spectroscopy: a versatile and powerful tool to characterize 2D materials. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 50 , 074002 (2017)..

Krause, L. et al. Comparison of silver and molybdenum microfocus X-ray sources for single-crystal structure determination. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 48 , 3–10 (2015)..

Sheldrick, G. M. A short history of SHELX. Acta Crystallogr. Sect. A 64 , 112–122 (2008)..

Sheldrick, G. M. Crystal structure refinement with SHELXL . Acta Crystallogr. Sect. C 71 , 3–8 (2015)..

Kresse, G. & Hafner, J. Ab initio molecular dynamics for liquid metals. Phys. Rev. B 47 , 558–561 (1993)..

浏览量

Downloads

CSCD

文章被引用时，请邮件提醒。

Submit

工具集

关联资源

暂无数据