Single-gate electro-optic beam switching metasurfaces

Sangjun Han; Jinseok Kong; Junho Choi; Won Chegal; Min Seok Jang

doi:10.1038/s41377-025-01967-y

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Single-gate electro-optic beam switching metasurfaces

Original Articles

- Single-gate electro-optic beam switching metasurfaces
- Single-gate electro-optic beam switching metasurfaces
- Light: Science & Applications 2025年14卷第10期页码：3120-3130
- Affiliations：
  
  1.School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
  2.Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
  3.Strategic Technology Research Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
  4.Department of Physics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Author bio：
  
  Min Seok Jang (jang.minseok@kaist.ac.kr)
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1038/s41377-025-01967-y
  中图分类号：
- 收稿：2024-10-15，
  
  修回：2025-07-15，
  
  录用：2025-07-18，
  
  网络出版：2025-08-27，
  
  纸质出版：2025-10-31
- Accepted：
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Sangjun Han, Jinseok Kong, Junho Choi, 等. Single-gate electro-optic beam switching metasurfaces[J]. Light: Science & Applications, 2025,14(10):3120-3130.

Han, S. J. et al. Single-gate electro-optic beam switching metasurfaces. Light: Science & Applications, 14, 3120-3130 (2025).
Sangjun Han, Jinseok Kong, Junho Choi, 等. Single-gate electro-optic beam switching metasurfaces[J]. Light: Science & Applications, 2025,14(10):3120-3130. DOI： 10.1038/s41377-025-01967-y.

Han, S. J. et al. Single-gate electro-optic beam switching metasurfaces. Light: Science & Applications, 14, 3120-3130 (2025). DOI： 10.1038/s41377-025-01967-y.

摘要

Abstract

Electro-optic active metasurfaces have attracted attention due to their ability to electronically control optical wavefronts with unprecedented spatiotemporal resolutions. In most studies

such devices require gate arrays composed of a large number of independently-controllable local gate electrodes that address the local scattering response of individual metaatoms. Although this approach in principle enables arbitrary wavefront control

the complicated driving mechanism and low optical efficiency have been hindering its practical applications. In this work

we demonstrate an active beam switching device that provides highly directional beam profiles and significant and uniform optical efficiencies across diffraction orders separated by a large deflection angle. The device operates with only a single-gate bias applied to monolayer graphene

modulating its optical conductivity to control the optical efficiency of the device. The key performance metrics

the absolute and the relative efficiency

which are defined as the scattered power toward a certain angle

normalized by the incident power and the net scattered

power from the metasurface

respectively

are maximized by a genetic algorithm. Experimentally

the metasurface achieves 57° of active beam switching from the 0th to the −1st order diffraction

with absolute efficiencies of 0.084 and 0.078 and relative efficiencies of 0.765 and 0.836

respectively. Furthermore

an analytical framework using nonlocal quasinormal mode expansion provides deeper insight into the operating mechanism of active beam switching. Finally

we discuss the performance limitations of this design platform and provide insights into potential improvements.

关键词

Keywords

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