High-power pulsed electrochemiluminescence for optogenetic manipulation of <italic style="font-style: italic">Drosophila</italic> larval behaviour

Chang-Ki Moon; Matthias König; Ranjini Sircar; Julian F. Butscher; Ronald Alle; Klaus Meerholz; Stefan R. Pulver; Malte C. Gather

doi:10.1038/s41377-025-02143-y

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

High-power pulsed electrochemiluminescence for optogenetic manipulation of Drosophila larval behaviour

Original Articles

- High-power pulsed electrochemiluminescence for optogenetic manipulation of Drosophila larval behaviour
- High-power pulsed electrochemiluminescence for optogenetic manipulation of Drosophila larval behaviour
- Light: Science & Applications 2026年15卷第4期页码：1194-1204
- Affiliations：
  
  1.Humboldt Centre for Nano- and Biophotonics, Institute for Light and Matter, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
  2.Centre of Biophotonics, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
  3.School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Mary's Quad, St Andrews, UK
  4.Institute for Light and Matter, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
  5.Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Disease (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Author bio：
  
  Chang-Ki Moon (changki.moon@uni-koeln.de)
  Malte C. Gather (malte.gather@uni-koeln.de)
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1038/s41377-025-02143-y
  中图分类号：
- 收稿：2025-07-21，
  
  修回：2025-11-18，
  
  录用：2025-11-18，
  
  网络首发：2026-02-05，
  
  纸质出版：2026-04-30
- Accepted：
Scan QR Code
Chang-Ki Moon, Matthias König, Ranjini Sircar, 等. High-power pulsed electrochemiluminescence for optogenetic manipulation of Drosophila larval behaviour[J]. Light: Science & Applications, 2026,15(4):1194-1204.

Moon, C. K. et al. High-power pulsed electrochemiluminescence for optogenetic manipulation of Drosophila larval behaviour. Light: Science & Applications, 15, 1194-1204 (2026).
Chang-Ki Moon, Matthias König, Ranjini Sircar, 等. High-power pulsed electrochemiluminescence for optogenetic manipulation of Drosophila larval behaviour[J]. Light: Science & Applications, 2026,15(4):1194-1204. DOI： 10.1038/s41377-025-02143-y.

Moon, C. K. et al. High-power pulsed electrochemiluminescence for optogenetic manipulation of Drosophila larval behaviour. Light: Science & Applications, 15, 1194-1204 (2026). DOI： 10.1038/s41377-025-02143-y.

摘要

Abstract

Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) produces light through electrochemical reactions and has shown promise for various analytic applications in biomedicine. However

the use of ECL devices (ECLDs) as light sources has been limited due to insufficient light output and low operational stability. In this study

we present a high-power pulsed operation strategy for ECLDs to address these limitations and demonstrate their effectiveness in optogenetic manipulation. By applying a biphasic voltage sequence with short opposing phases

we achieve intense and efficient ECL through an exciplex-formation reaction pathway. This approach results in an exceptionally high optical power density

exceeding 100 μW mm

−

for several thousand pulses. Balancing the ion concentration by optimizing the voltage waveform further improves device stability. By incorporating multiple optimized pulses into a pulse train separated by short rest periods

extended light pulses of high brightness and with minimal power loss over time were obtained. These strategies were leveraged to elicit a robust optogenetic response in fruit fly (

Drosophila melanogaster

) larvae expressing the optogenetic effector CsChrimson. The semi-transparent nature of ECLDs facilitates simultaneous imaging of larval behaviour from underneath

through the device. These findings highlight the potential of ECLDs as versatile optical tools in biomedical and neurophotonics research.

关键词

Keywords

references

Tokel-Takvoryan, N. E., Hemingway, R. E. & Bard, A. J. Electrogenerated chemiluminescence. XⅢ. Electrochemical and electrogenerated chemiluminescence studies of ruthenium chelates. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 95 , 6582–6589 (1973)..

Blackburn, G. F. et al. Electrochemiluminescence detection for development of immunoassays and DNA probe assays for clinical diagnostics. Clin. Chem. 37 , 1534–1539 (1991)..

Zhan, W. & Bard, A. J. Electrogenerated chemiluminescence. 83. Immunoassay of human C-reactive protein by using Ru (bpy) 3 2+ -encapsulated liposomes as labels. Anal. Chem. 79 , 459–463 (2007)..

Marquette, C. A. & Blum, L. J. Electro-chemiluminescent biosensing. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 390 , 155–168 (2008)..

Gao, W. Y. et al. Recent advances in electrochemiluminescence devices for point-of-care testing. Curr. Opin. Electrochem. 3 , 4–10 (2017)..

Ma, C. et al. Recent progress in electrochemiluminescence sensing and imaging. Anal. Chem. 92 , 431–454 (2019)..

Tsuwaki, M. et al. Fabrication and characterization of large-area flexible microfluidic organic light-emitting diode with liquid organic semiconductor. Sens. Actuators A Phys. 216 , 231–236 (2014)..

Okumura, R. et al. Solution electrochemiluminescent microfluidic cell forflexible and stretchable display. Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE 22nd International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems 943–946 (Sorrento, Italy: IEEE, 2009).

Xu, D. H. & Adachi, C. Organic light-emitting diode with liquid emitting layer. Appl. Phys. Lett. 95 , 053304 (2009)..

Itoh, N. Electrochemical light-emitting gel. Materials 3 , 3729–3739 (2010)..

Kwon, D. K. & Myoung, J. M. Wearable and semitransparent pressure-sensitive light-emitting sensor based on electrochemiluminescence. ACS Nano 14 , 8716–8723 (2020)..

Cho, K. G. et al. Light-emitting devices based on electrochemiluminescence gels. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30 , 1907936 (2020)..

Kim, S. et al. All-printed electrically driven lighting via electrochemiluminescence. Adv. Mater. Technol. 9 , 2302190 (2024)..

Bansal, A. et al. In vivo wireless photonic photodynamic therapy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 115 , 1469–1474 (2018)..

Kim, D. et al. Ultraflexible organic light-emitting diodes for optogenetic nerve stimulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 117 , 21138–21146 (2020)..

Keppeler, D. et al. Multichannel optogenetic stimulation of the auditory pathway using microfabricated LED cochlear implants in rodents. Sci. Transl. Med. 12 , eabb8086 (2020)..

Kathe, C. et al. Wireless closed-loop optogenetics across the entire dorsoventral spinal cord in mice. Nat. Biotechnol. 40 , 198–208 (2022)..

Taal, A. J. et al. Optogenetic stimulation probes with single-neuron resolution based on organic LEDs monolithically integrated on CMOS. Nat. Electron. 6 , 669–679 (2023)..

Laser, D. & Bard, A. J. Electrogenerated chemiluminescence: XXⅢ. On the operation and lifetime of ECL devices. J. Electrochem. Soc. 122 , 632–640 (1975)..

Miao, W. J., Choi, J. P. & Bard, A. J. Electrogenerated chemiluminescence 69: the Tris (2, 2'-bipyridine) ruthenium (Ⅱ), (Ru(bpy) 3 2+ )/Tri-n-propylamine (TPrA) system revisited A new route involving TPrA •+ Cation Radicals. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124 , 14478–14485 (2002)..

Miao, W. J. Electrogenerated chemiluminescence and its biorelated applications. Chem. Rev. 108 , 2506–2553 (2008)..

Moon, C. K., Butscher, J. F. & Gather, M. C. An exciplex-based light-emission pathway for solution-state electrochemiluminescent devices. Adv. Mater. 35 , 2302544 (2023)..

Oh, H. et al. Balancing the concentrations of redox species to improve electrochemiluminescence by tailoring the symmetry of the AC voltage. ChemElectroChem 5 , 2836–2841 (2018)..

Soulsby, L. C. et al. Colour tuning and enhancement of gel-based electrochemiluminescen ce devices utilising Ru(Ⅱ) and Ir(Ⅲ) complexes. Chem. Commun. 55 , 11474–11477 (2019)..

Ko, E. S. et al. Pulsed driving methods for enhancing the stability of electrochemiluminescence devices. ACS Photonics 5 , 3723–3730 (2018)..

Yee, H. et al. Extending the operational lifetime of electrochemiluminescence devices by installing a floating bipolar electrode. Small 20 , 2307190 (2024)..

Marshel, J. H. et al. Cortical layer-specific critical dynamics triggering perception. Science 365 , eaaw5202 (2019)..

Murawski, C., Pulver, S. R. & Gather, M. C. Segment-specific optogenetic stimulation in Drosophila melanogaster with linear arrays of organic light-emitting diodes. Nat. Commun. 11 , 6248 (2020)..

Polcari, D., Dauphin-Ducharme, P. & Mauzeroll, J. Scanning electrochemical microscopy: a comprehensive review of experimental parameters from 1989 to 2015. Chem. Rev. 116 , 13234–13278 (2016)..

Moon, C. K. & Gather, M. C. Absolute quantum efficiency measurements of electrochemiluminescent devices throu gh electrical impedance spectroscopy. Adv. Opt. Mater. 12 , 2401253 (2024)..

Lee, J. I. et al. Dynamic interplay between transport and reaction kinetics of luminophores on the operation of AC-driven electrochemiluminescence devices. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10 , 41562–41569 (2018)..

Klapoetke, N. C. et al. Independent optical excitation of distinct neural populations. Nat. Methods 11 , 338–346 (2014)..

Burgos, A. et al. Nociceptive interneurons control modular motor pathways to promote escape behavior in Drosophila. eLife 7 , e26016 (2018)..

Archer, E. et al. Accurate efficiency measurements of organic light-emitting diodes via angle-resolved spectroscopy. Adv. Opt. Mater. 9 , 2000838 (2021)..

浏览量

Downloads

CSCD

文章被引用时，请邮件提醒。

Submit

工具集

关联资源

暂无数据

High-power pulsed electrochemiluminescence for optogenetic manipulation of Drosophila larval behaviour

High-power pulsed electrochemiluminescence for optogenetic manipulation of Drosophila larval behaviour

DOI：10.1038/s41377-025-02143-y

摘要

Abstract

关键词

Keywords

references