Broadband 200-nm second-harmonic generation in silicon in the telecom band

Neetesh Singh; Manan Raval; Alfonso Ruocco; Michael R. Watts

doi:10.1038/s41377-020-0254-7

Go to Nature Website

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

Broadband 200-nm second-harmonic generation in silicon in the telecom band

Article

- Broadband 200-nm second-harmonic generation in silicon in the telecom band
- Light: Science & Applications Vol. 9, Issue 1, Pages: 151-157(2020)
- Affiliations：
  
  Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Author bio：
  
  Neetesh Singh (neeteshs@mit.edu)
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1038/s41377-020-0254-7
  CLC：
- Published：2020，
  
  Published Online：06 February 2020，
  
  Received：27 December 2019，
  
  Revised：17 January 2020，
  
  Accepted：23 January 2020
- Accepted：
Scan QR Code
Singh, N. et al. Broadband 200-nm second-harmonic generation in silicon in the telecom band. Light: Science & Applications, 9, 151–157 (2020).
DOI：

Singh, N. et al. Broadband 200-nm second-harmonic generation in silicon in the telecom band. Light: Science & Applications, 9, 151–157 (2020). DOI： 10.1038/s41377-020-0254-7.

摘要

Abstract

Silicon is well known for its strong third-order optical nonlinearity

exhibiting efficient supercontinuum and four-wave mixing processes. A strong second-order effect that is naturally inhibited in silicon can also be observed

for example

by electrically breaking the inversion symmetry and quasi-phase matching the pump and the signal. To generate an efficient broadband second-harmonic signal

however

the most promising technique requires matching the group velocities of the pump and the signal. In this work

we utilize dispersion engineering of a silicon waveguide to achieve group velocity matching between the pump and the signal

along with an additional degree of freedom to broaden the second harmonic through the strong third-order nonlinearity. We demonstrate that the strong self-phase modulation and cross-phase modulation in silicon help broaden the second harmonic by 200 nm in the O-band. Furthermore

we show a waveguide design that can be used to generate a second-harmonic signal in the entire near-infrared region. Our work paves the way for various applications

such as efficient and broadband complementary-metal oxide semiconductor based on—chip frequency synthesizers

entangled photon pair generators

and optical parametric oscillators.

关键词

Keywords

references

Franken, P. A. et al. Generation of optical harmonics. Phys. Rev. Lett. 7, 118-119 (1961).

Udem, T., Holzwarth, R.&Hänsch, T. W. Optical frequency metrology. Nature 416, 233-237 (2002).

Reichert, J. et al. Measuring the frequency of light with mode-locked lasers. Opt. Commun. 172, 59-68 (1999).

Telle, H. R. et al. Carrier-envelope offset phase control: a novel concept for absolute optical frequency measurement and ultrashort pulse generation. Appl. Phys. B 69, 327-332 (1999).

Armstrong, J. A. Measurement of picosecond laser pulse widths. Appl. Phys. Lett. 10, 16-18 (1967).

Imeshev, G. et al. Pulse shaping and compression by second-harmonic generation with quasi-phase-matching gratings in the presence of arbitrary dispersion. J. Optical Soc. Am. B 17, 1420-1437 (2000).

Giordmaine, J. A.&Miller, R. C. Tunable coherent parametric oscillation in LiNbO3at optical frequencies. Phys. Rev. Lett. 14, 973-976 (1965).

Myers, L. E. et al. Quasi-phase-matched optical parametric oscillators in bulk periodically poled LiNbO3. J. Optical Soc. Am. B 12, 2102-2116 (1995).

Klyshko, D. N.Photons and Nonlinear Optics. (CRC Press, New York, 1988).

Khanarian, G. et al. Phase-matched second-harmonic generation in a polymer waveguide. Appl. Phys. Lett. 57, 977-979 (1990).

Scaccabarozzi, L. et al. Enhanced second-harmonic generation in AlGaAs/AlxOytightly confining waveguides and resonant cavities. Opt. Lett. 31, 3626-3628 (2006)..

Meyn, J. P.&Fejer, M. M. Tunable ultraviolet radiation by second-harmonic generation in periodically poled lithium tantalate. Opt. Lett. 22, 1214-1216 (1997).

Rivoire, K. et al. Second harmonic generation in gallium phosphide photonic crystal nanocavities with ultralow continuous wave pump power. Opt. Express 17, 22609-22615 (2009).

Duchesne, D. et al. Second harmonic generation in AlGaAs photonic wires using low power continuous wave light. Opt. Express 19, 12408-12417 (2011).

Guo, X., Zou, C. L.&Tang, H. X. Second-harmonic generation in aluminum nitride microrings with 2500%/W conversion efficiency. Optica 3, 1126-1131 (2016).

Chang, L. et al. Thin film wavelength converters for photonic integrated circuits. Optica 3, 531-535 (2016).

Heinz, T. F., Loy, M. M. T.&Thompson, W. A. Study of Si(111) surfaces by optical second -harmonic generation: reconstruction and surface phase transformation. Phys. Rev. Lett. 54, 63-66 (1985).

Shen, Y. R. Surface properties probed by second-harmonic and sum-frequency generation. Nature 337, 519-525 (1989).

Lüpke, G. Characterization of semiconductor interfaces by second-harmonic generation. Surf. Sci. Rep. 35, 75-161 (1999).

Levy, J. S. et al. Harmonic generation in silicon nitride ring resonators. Opt. Express 19, 11415-11421 (2011).

Jacobsen, R. S. et al. Strained silicon as a new electro-optic material. Nature 44, 199-202 (2006).

Cazzanelli, M. et al. Second-harmonic generation in silicon waveguides strained by silicon nitride. Nat. Mater. 11, 148-154 (2012).

Billat, A. et al. Large second harmonic generation enhancement in Si3N4waveguides by all-optically induced quasi-phase-matching. Nat. Commun. 8, 1016 (2017)..

Stolen, R. H.&Tom, H. W. K. Self-organized phase-matched harmonic generation in optical fibers. Opt. Lett. 12, 585-587 (1987).

Kashyap, R. Phase-matched periodic electric-field-induced second-harmonic generation in optical fibers. J. Optical Soc. Am. B 6, 313-328 (1989).

Armstrong, J. A. et al. Interactions between light waves in a nonlinear dielectric. Phys. Rev. 127, 1918-1939 (1962).

Fejer, M. M. et al. Quasi-phase-matched second harmonic generation: tuning and tolerances. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 28, 2631-2654 (1992).

Timurdogan, E. et al. Electric field-induced second-order nonlinear optical effects in silicon waveguides. Nat. Photonics 11, 200-206 (2017).

Arbore, M. A. et al. Engineerable compression of ultrashort pulses by use of second-harmonic generation in chirped-period-poled lithium niobate. Opt. Lett. 22, 1341-1343 (1997).

Bortz, M. L., Fujimura, M.&Fejer, M. M. Increased acceptance bandwidth for quasi-phasematched second harmonic generation in LiNbO3waveguides. Electron. Lett. 30, 34-35 (1994).

Mizuuchi, K. et al. Broadening of the phase-matching bandwidth in quasi-phase-matched second-harmonic generation. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 30, 1596-1604 (1994).

Zhang, T. R., Choo, H. R.&Downer, M. C. Phase and group velocity matching for second harmonic generation of femtosecond pulses. Appl. Opt. 29, 3927-3933 (1990).

Szabó, G.&Bor, Z. Broadband frequency doubler for femtosecond pulses. Appl. Phys. B 50, 51-54 (1990).

Schober, A. M., Lefort, M. C.&Fejer, M. M. Broadband quasi-phase-matched second-harmonic generation of ultrashort optical pulses with spectral angular dispersion. J. Optical Soc. Am. B 22, 1699-1713 (2005).

Ashihara, S., Shimura, T.&Kuroda, K. Group-velocity matched second-harmonic generation in tilted quasi-phase-matched gratings. J. Optical Soc. Am. B 20, 853-856 (2003).

Yu, N. E. et al. Broadband quasi-phase-matched second-harmonic generation in MgO-doped periodically poled LiNbO3at the communications band. Opt. Lett. 27, 1046-1048 (2002).

König, F.&Wong, F. N. C. Extended phase matching of second-harmonic generation in periodically poled KTiOPO4with zero group-velocity mismatch. Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 1644-1646 (2004).

Osgood, R. M. et al. Engineering nonlinearities in nanoscale optical systems: physics and applications in dispersion-engineered silicon nanophotonic wires. Adv. Opt. Photonics 1, 162-235 (2009).

Singh, N. et al. Silicon photonics optical frequency synthesizer -SPOFS. InProc. of CLEO: Applications and Technology(OSA, San Jose, USA, 2019).

Spencer, D. T. et al. An optical-frequency synthesizer using integrated photonics. Nature 557, 81-85 (2018).

Singh, N. et al. Octave-spanning coherent supercontinuum generation in silicon on insulator from 1.06 μm to beyond 2.4 μm. Light.: Sci. Appl. 7, 17131 (2018).

Singh, N. et al. Supercontinuum generation in varying dispersion and birefringent silicon waveguide. Opt. Express 27, 31698-31712 (2019).

Harris, S. E. Chirp and compress: toward single-cycle biphotons. Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 063602 (2007).

Liu, X. P. et al. Bridging the mid-infrared-to-telecom gap with silicon nanophotonic spectral translation. Nat. Photonics 6, 667-671 (2012).

Raval, M. et al. Broadband electric-field-induced second harmonic generation in a silicon waveguide. InProc. of Integrated Photonics Research, Silicon and Nanophotonics(OSA, Burlingame, USA, 2019).

Zheng, Z. et al. Femtosecond second-harmonic generation in periodically poled lithium niobate waveguides with simultaneous strong pump depletion and group-velocity walk-off. J. Optical Soc. Am. B 19, 839-848 (2002).

Rong, H. S. et al. An all-silicon Raman laser. Nature 433, 292-294 (2005).

Roussev, R. V. et al. Periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide sum-frequency generator for efficient single-photon detection at communication wavelengths. Opt. Lett. 29, 1518-1520 (2004).

Kudlinski, A., Quiquempois, Y.&Martinelli, G. Modeling of the χ(2)susceptibility time-evolution in thermally poled fused silica. Opt. Express 13, 8015-8024 (2005).

Zhu, E. Y. et al. Measurement of χ(2)symmetry in a poled fiber. Opt. Lett. 35, 1530-1532 (2010).

Xiao, X. S. et al. Analysis of ultrashort-pulse second-harmonic generation in both phase- and group-velocity-matched structures. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 41, 85-93 (2005).

Wang, T. et al. Multi-photon absorption and third-order nonlinearity in silicon at mid-infrared wavelengths. Opt. Express 21, 32192-32198 (2013).

Bristow, A. D., Rotenberg, N.&van Driel, H. M. Two-photon absorption and Kerr coefficients of silicon for 850-2200 nm. Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 191104 (2007).

Agrawal, G. P. inNonlinear Fiber Optics5th edn (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2013).

Genty, G., Lehtonen, M.&Ludvigsen, H. Effect of cross-phase modulation on supercontinuum generated in microstructured fibers with sub-30 fs pulses. Opt. Express 12, 4614-4624 (2004).

Sutherland, R. L. inHandbook of Nonlinear Optics2nd edn (Marcel Dekker, New York, 2003).

Dudley, J. M.&Coen, S. Coherence properties of supercontinuum spectra generated in photonic crystal and tapered optical fibers. Opt. Lett. 27, 1180-1182 (2008).

Views

Downloads

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

Submit

Tools

Publicity Resources

No data

Related Author

No data

Related Institution

No data

⁰