There is plenty of room at the top: generation of hot charge carriers and their applications in perovskite and other semiconductor-based optoelectronic devices

Irfan Ahmed; Lei Shi; Hannu Pasanen; Paola Vivo; Partha Maity; Mohammad Hatamvand; Yiqiang Zhan

doi:10.1038/s41377-021-00609-3

Go to Nature Website

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

There is plenty of room at the top: generation of hot charge carriers and their applications in perovskite and other semiconductor-based optoelectronic devices

Reviews

- There is plenty of room at the top: generation of hot charge carriers and their applications in perovskite and other semiconductor-based optoelectronic devices
- Light: Science & Applications Vol. 10, Issue 9, Pages: 1630-1657(2021)
- Affiliations：
  
  1.State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Centre of Micro-Nano System, SIST, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, China
  2.Department of Physics, Government Postgraduate College, (Higher Education Department-HED) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 21300, Mansehra, Pakistan
  3.State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro- and Nano-Photonics, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, China
  4.Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014, Tampere, Finland
  5.KAUST Solar Center, Division of Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Author bio：
  
  rfan Ahmed (swateez.scme.nust@gmail.com)
  Yiqiang Zhan (yqzhan@fudan.edu.cn)
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1038/s41377-021-00609-3
  CLC：
- Published：30 September 2021，
  
  Published Online：01 September 2021，
  
  Received：08 March 2021，
  
  Revised：22 July 2021，
  
  Accepted：31 July 2021
- Accepted：
Scan QR Code
Ahmed I. et al. There is plenty of room at the top: generation of hot charge carriers and their applications in perovskite and other semiconductor-based optoelectronic devices. Light: Science & Applications, 10, 1630-1657 (2021).
DOI：

Ahmed I. et al. There is plenty of room at the top: generation of hot charge carriers and their applications in perovskite and other semiconductor-based optoelectronic devices. Light: Science & Applications, 10, 1630-1657 (2021). DOI： 10.1038/s41377-021-00609-3.

摘要

Abstract

Hot charge carriers (HC) are photoexcited electrons and holes that exist in nonequilibrium high-energy states of photoactive materials. Prolonged cooling time and rapid extraction are the current challenges for the development of future innovative HC-based optoelectronic devices

such as HC solar cells (HCSCs)

hot energy transistors (HETs)

HC photocatalytic reactors

and lasing devices. Based on a thorough analysis of the basic mechanisms of HC generation

thermalization

and cooling dynamics

this review outlines the various possible strategies to delay the HC cooling as well as to speed up their extraction. Various materials with slow cooling behavior

including perovskites and other semiconductors

are thoroughly presented. In addition

the opportunities for the generation of plasmon-induced HC through surface plasmon resonance and their technological applications in hybrid nanostructures are discussed in detail. By judiciously designing the plasmonic nanostructures

the light coupling into the photoactive layer and its optical absorption can be greatly enhanced as well as the successful conversion of incident photons to HC with tunable energies can also be realized. Finally

the future outlook of HC in optoelectronics is highlighted which will provide great insight to the research community.

关键词

Keywords

references

Shockley, W.&Queisser, H. J. Detailed balance limit of efficiency ofp-njunction solar cells.J. Appl. Phys.32, 510–519 (1961)..

Torabi, N. et al. Progress and challenges in perovskite photovoltaics from single- to multi-junction cells.Mater. Today Energy12, 70–94 (2019)..

Green, M. A. Tracking solar cell conversion efficiency.Nat. Rev. Phys.2, 172–173 (2020)..

Ross, R. T.&Nozik, A. J. Efficiency of hot-carrier solar energy converters.J. Appl. Phys.53, 3813–3818 (1982)..

König, D. et al. Hot carrier solar cells: principles, materials and design.Phys. E: Low. -Dimensional Syst. Nanostruct.42, 2862–2866 (2010)..

Alharbi, F. H.&Kais, S. Theoretical limits of photovoltaics efficiency and possible improvements by intuitive approaches learned from photosynthesis and quantum coherence.Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.43, 1073–1089 (2015)..

Nozik, A. J. Quantum dot solar cells.Phys. E: Low. -Dimensional Syst. Nanostruct.14, 115–120 (2002)..

Su, S. H. et al. Hot-carrier solar cells with quantum well and dot energy selective contacts.IEEE J. Quantum Electron.51, 4800208 (2015)..

Li, M. J. et al. Low threshold and efficient multiple exciton generation in halide perovskite nanocrystals.Nat. Commun.9, 4197 (2018)..

Luque, A.&Martí, A. Electron–phonon energy transfer in hot-carrier solar cells.Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells94, 287–296 (2010)..

Luque, A.&Martí, A. Theoretical Limits of Photovoltaic Conversion and New-Generation Solar Cells. inHandbook of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering(eds. Luque, A.&Hegedus, S. ) 2ndedn. 113–151 (John Wiley&Sons, 2003)..

Ridley, B. K.Quantum Processes in Semiconductors5thedn. (Oxford University Press, USA, 2013)..

Li, M. J. et al. Slow cooling and highly efficient extraction of hot carriers in colloidal perovskite nanocrystals.Nat. Commun.8, 14350 (2017)..

Kahmann, S.&Loi, M. A. Hot carrier solar cells and the potential of perovskites for breaking the Shockley–Queisser limit.J. Mater. Chem. C.7, 2471–2486 (2019)..

Würfel, P. Solar energy conversion with hot electrons from impact ionisation.Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells46, 43–52 (1997)..

Ni, X. et al. InGaN staircase electron injector for reduction of electron overflow in InGaN light emitting diodes.Appl. Phys. Lett.97, 031110 (2010)..

Knight, M. W. et al. Photodetection with active optical antennas.Science332, 702–704 (2011)..

Mukherjee, S. et al. Hot electrons do the impossible: plasmon-induced dissociation of H2on Au.Nano Lett.13, 240–247 (2013)..

Dubi, Y.&Sivan, Y. "Hot" electrons in metallic nanostructures—non-thermal carriers or heating?Light. : Sci. Appl.8, 89 (2019)..

Tan, S. J. et al. Plasmonic coupling at a metal/semiconductor interface.Nat. Photonics11, 806–812 (2017)..

Shi, J. J. et al. From ultrafast to ultraslow: charge-carrier dynamics of perovskite solar cells.Joule2, 879–901 (2018)..

Nozik, A. J. Spectroscopy and hot electron relaxation dynamics in semiconductor quantum wells and quantum dots.Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem.52, 193–231 (2001)..

Esipov, S. E.&Levinson, Y. B. The temperature and energy distribution of photoexcited hot electrons.Adv. Phys.36, 331–383 (1987)..

Fu, J. H. et al. Hot carrier cooling mechanisms in halide perovskites.Nat. Commun.8, 1300 (2017)..

Tsai, C. Y. The effects of intraband and interband carrier-carrier scattering on hot-carrier solar cells: a theoretical study of spectral hole burning, electron-hole energy transfer, Auger recombination, and impact ionization generation.Prog. Photovoltaics: Res. Appl.27, 433–452 (2019)..

Li, M. J. et al. Slow hot-carrier cooling in halide perovskites: prospects for hot-carrier solar cells.Adv. Mater.31, 1802486 (2019)..

Feng, Y. et al. Investigation of carrier-carrier scattering effect on the performance of hot carrier solar cells with relaxation time approximation.Appl. Phys. Lett.102, 243901 (2013)..

Konovalov, I., Emelianov, V.&Linke, R. Hot carrier solar cell with semi-infinite energy filtering.Sol. Energy111, 1–9 (2015)..

Hirst, L. C.&Ekins-Daukes, N. J. Fundamental losses in solar cells.Prog. Photovoltaics: Res. Appl.19, 286–293 (2011)..

Joshi, P. P., Maehrlein, S. F.&Zhu, X. Y. Dynamic screening and slow cooling of hot carriers in lead halide perovskites.Adv. Mater.31, 1803054 (2019)..

Price, M. B. et al. Hot-carrier cooling and photoinduced refractive index changes in organic–inorganic lead halide perovskites.Nat. Commun.6, 8420 (2015)..

Green, M. A. Third generation photovoltaics: ultra-high conversion efficiency at low cost.Prog. Photovoltaics: Res. Appl.9, 123–135 (2001)..

Xing, G. C. et al. Long-range balanced electron- and hole-transport lengths in organic-inorganic CH3NH3PbI3.Science342, 344–347 (2013)..

Jailaubekov, A. E. et al. Hot charge-transfer excitons set the time limit for charge separation at donor/acceptor interfaces in organic photovoltaics.Nat. Mater.12, 66–73 (2013)..

Landau, L. D.&Pekar, S. I. The effective mass of the polaron. inCollected Papers of L.D. Landau(ed. D. Ter Haar)Vol. 53, 478–483 (Oxford: Pergamon, 1965)..

Lu, N. D. et al. A review for polaron dependent charge transport in organic semiconductor.Org. Electron.61, 223–234 (2018)..

Franchini, C. et al. Polarons in materials.Nat. Rev. Mater.6, 560–586 (2021)..

Emin, D. Optical properties of large and small polarons and bipolarons.Phys. Rev. B48, 13691–13702 (1993)..

Zhu, X. Y.&Podzorov, V. Charge carriers in hybrid organic–inorganic lead halide perovskites might be protected as large polarons.J. Phys. Chem. Lett.6, 4758–4761 (2015)..

Lu, N., Li, L., Geng, D.&Liu, M. A review for polaron dependent charge transport in organic semiconductor.Org. Electron.61, 223–234 (2018)..

Even, J., Carignano, M.&Katan, C. Molecular disorder and translation/rotation coupling inthe plastic crystal phase of hybrid perovskites.Nanoscale8, 6222–6236 (2016)..

Miyata, K., Atallah, T. L.&Zhu, X. Y. Lead halide perovskites: crystal-liquid duality, phonon glass electron crystals, and large polaron formation.Sci. Adv.3, e1701469 (2017)..

Zheng, F. et al. Rashba spin–orbit coupling enhancedcarrier lifetime in CH3NH3PbI3.Nano Lett.15, 7794–7800 (2015)..

Frost, J. M., Whalley, L. D.&Walsh, A. Slow cooling of hot polarons in halide perovskite solar cells.ACS Energy Lett.2, 2647–2652 (2017)..

Mahata, A.&Meggiolaro, D.&De Angelis, F. From large to small polarons in lead, tin, and mixed lead–tin halide perovskites.J. Phys. Chem. Lett.10, 1790–1798 (2019)..

Dursun, I. et al. Why are hot holes easier to extract than hot electrons from methylammonium lead iodide perovskite?Adv. Energy Mater.9, 1900084 (2019)..

Chen, J. S. et al. Cation-dependent hot carrier cooling in halide perovskite nanocrystals.J. Am. Chem. Soc.141, 3532–3540 (2019)..

Yang, J. F. et al. Acoustic-optical phonon up-conversion and hot-phonon bottleneck in lead-halide perovskites.Nat. Commun.8, 14120 (2017)..

Shi, H. F. et al. Strong hot-phonon bottleneck effect in all-inorganic perovskite nanocrystals.Appl. Phys. Lett.116, 151902 (2020)..

Yang, Y. et al. Observation of a hot-phonon bottleneck in lead-iodide perovskites.Nat. Photonics10, 53–59 (2016)..

Zhang, P. L. et al. Ultrafast interfacial charge transfer of cesium lead halide perovskite films CsPbX3(X = Cl, Br, I) with different halogen mixing.J. Phys. Chem. C.122, 27148–27155 (2018)..

Madjet, M. E. A. et al. Enhancing the carrier thermalization time in organometallic perovskites by halide mixing.Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.18, 5219–5231 (2016)..

Wei, Q. et al. Effect of zinc-doping on the reduction of the hot-carrier cooling rate in halide perovskites.Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.60, 10957–10963 (2021)..

Talbert, E. M. et al. Bromine substitution improves excited-state dynamics in mesoporous mixed halide perovskite films.Nanoscale9, 12005–12013 (2017)..

Minda, I. et al. Ultrafast charge dynamics in mixed cation–mixed halide perovskite thin films.ChemPhysChem19, 3010–3017 (2018)..

Giovanni, D. et al. Origins of the long-range exciton diffusion in perovskite nanocrystal films: photon recycling vs exciton hopping.Light. : Sci. Appl.10, 2 (2021)..

Ghosh, S. et al. Phonon coupling with excitons and free carriers in formamidinium lead bromide perovskite nanocrystals.J. Phys. Chem. Lett.9, 4245–4250 (2018)..

Hopper, T. R. et al. Ultrafast intraband spectroscopy of hot-carrier cooling in lead-halide perovskites.ACS Energy Lett.3, 2199–2205 (2018)..

Xie, H. Y. et al. All-inorganic halide perovskites as potential thermoelectric materials: dynamic cation off-centering induces ultralow thermal conductivity.J. Am. Chem. Soc.142, 9553–9563 (2020)..

Haque, A. et al. Halide perovskites: thermal transport and prospects for thermoelectricity.Adv. Sci.7, 1903389 (2020)..

Qian, X., Gu, X. K.&Yang, R. G. Lattice thermal conductivity of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite CH3NH3PbI3.Appl. Phys. Lett.108, 063902 (2016)..

Pisoni, A. et al. Ultra-low thermal conductivity in organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite CH3NH3PbI3.J. Phys. Chem. Lett.5, 2488–2492 (2014)..

Kroupa, D. M. et al. Enhanced multiple exciton generation in PbS|CdS janus-like heterostructured nanocrystals.ACS Nano12, 10084–10094 (2018)..

Zhou, Q. H. et al. Highly efficient multiple exciton generation and harvesting in few-layer black phosphorus and heterostructure.Nano Lett.20, 8212–8219 (2020)..

Manzi, A. et al. Resonantly enhanced multiple exciton generation through below-band-gap multi-photon absorption in perovskite nanocrystals.Nat. Commun.9, 1518 (2018)..

de Weerd, C. et al. Efficient carrier multiplication in CsPbI3perovskite nanocrystals.Nat. Commun.9, 4199 (2018)..

Sung, J., Macpherson, S.&Rao, A. Enhanced ballistic transport of charge carriers in alloyed and K-passivated alloyed perovskite thin films.J. Phys. Chem. Lett.11, 5402–5406 (2020)..

Sung, J. et al. Long-range ballistic propagation of carriers in methylammonium lead iodide perovskite thin films.Nat. Phys.16, 171–176 (2020)..

Guo, Z. et al. Long-range hot-carrier transport in hybrid perovskites visualized by ultrafast microscopy.Science356, 59–62 (2017)..

Green, M. A. Third generation photovoltaics: solar cells for 2020 and beyond.Phys. E: Low. -Dimensional Syst. Nanostruct.14, 65–70 (2002)..

Harada, Y. et al. Hot-carrier generation and extraction in InAs/GaAs quantum dot superlattice solar cells.Semiconductor Sci. Technol.34, 094003 (2019)..

Hirst, L. C. et al. Experimental demonstration of hot-carrier photo-current in an InGaAs quantum well solar cell.Appl. Phys. Lett.104, 231115 (2014)..

Conibeer, G. J. et al. Selective energy contacts for hot carrier solar cells.Thin Solid Films516, 6968–6973 (2008)..

Shrestha, S. K., Aliberti, P.&Conibeer, G. J. Energy selective contacts for hot carrier solar cells.Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells94, 1546–1550 (2010)..

Aliberti, P. et al. Study of silicon quantum dots in a SiO2matrix for energy selective contacts applications.Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells94, 1936–1941 (2010)..

Yagi, S.&Okada, Y. Fabrication of resonant tunneling structures for selective energy contact of hot carrier solar cell based on Ⅲ–Ⅴ semiconductors. in35thIEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC 2010)(ed. John D. Meakin) 1213–1216 (IEEE, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, 20–25 June, 2010)..

Takeda, Y. et al. Resonant tunneling diodes as energy-selective contacts used in hot-carrier solar cells.J. Appl. Phys.118, 124510 (2015)..

Dimmock, J. A. R. et al. Demonstration of a hot-carrier photovoltaic cell.Prog. Photovoltaics: Res. Appl.22, 151–160 (2014)..

Dimmock, J. A. R. et al. Optoelectronic characterization of carrier extraction in a hot carrier photovoltaic cell structure.J. Opt.18, 074003 (2016)..

Dimmock, J. A. R. et al. A metallic hot-carrier photovoltaic device.Semiconductor Sci. Technol.34, 064001 (2019)..

O'Dwyer, M. F., Humphrey, T. E.&Linke, H. Concept study for a high-efficiency nanowire based thermoelectric.Nanotechnology17, S338–S343 (2006)..

Limpert, S. et al. Single-nanowire, low-bandgap hot carrier solar cells with tunable open-circuit voltage.Nanotechnology28, 434001 (2017)..

O'Keeffe, P. et al. Graphene-induced improvements of perovskite solar cell stability: effects on hot-carriers.Nano Lett.19, 684–691 (2019)..

Lim, S. S. et al. Hot carrier extraction in CH3NH3PbI3unveiled by pump-push-probe spectroscopy.Sci. Adv.5, eaax3620 (2019)..

Jiménez-López, J. et al. Improved carrier collection and hot electron extraction across perovskite, C60, and TiO2interfaces.J. Am. Chem. Soc.142, 1236–1246 (2020)..

Wang, G. et al. An internally photoemitted hot carrier solar cell based on organic-inorganic perovskite.Nano Energy68, 104383 (2020)..

Piatkowski, P. et al. Direct monitoring of ultrafast electron and hole dynamics in perovskite solar cells.Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.17, 14674–14684 (2015)..

Jiménez-López, J. et al. Hot electron injection into semiconducting polymers in polymer based-perovskite solar cells and their fate.Nanoscale11, 23357–23365 (2019)..

Pasanen, H. P. et al. Refractive index change dominates the transient absorption response of metal halide perovskite thin films in the near infrared.Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.21, 14663–14670 (2019)..

Yan, H. Plasmons dragged by drifting electrons.Nature594, 498–499 (2021). (2021)..

Zhan, C. et al. From plasmon-enhanced molecular spectroscopy to plasmon-mediated chemical reactions.Nat. Rev. Chem.2, 216–230 (2018)..

Zhang, H.&Govorov, A. O. Optical generation of hot plasmonic carriers in metal nanocrystals: the effects of shape and field enhancement.J. Phys. Chem. C.118, 7606–7614 (2014)..

Tang, H. B. et al. Plasmonic hot electrons for sensing, photodetection, and solar energy applications: a perspective.J. Chem. Phys.152, 220901 (2020)..

Gellé, A.&Moores, A. Plasmonic nanoparticles: photocatalysts with a bright future.Curr. Opin. Green. Sustain. Chem.15, 60–66 (2019)..

Besteiro, L. V. et al. The fast and the furious: ultrafast hot electrons in plasmonic metastructures.Size Struct. matter Nano Today27, 120–145 (2019)..

Li, J. T. et al. Solar hydrogen generation by a CdS-Au-TiO2sandwich nanorod array enhanced with au nanoparticle as electron relay and plasmonic photosensitizer.J. Am. Chem. Soc.136, 8438–8449 (2014)..

Wei, Q. L., Wu, S. Y.&Sun, Y. G. Quantum-sized metal catalysts for hot-electron-driven chemical transformation.Adv. Mater.30, 1802082 (2018)..

Schuller, J. A. et al. Plasmonics for extreme light concentration and manipulation.Nat. Mater.9, 193–204 (2010)..

Ciracì, C. et al. Probing the ultimate limits of plasmonic enhancement.Science337, 1072–1074 (2012)..

Lee, S. Y. et al. Tuning chemical interface damping: interfacial electronic effects of adsorbate molecules and sharp tips of single gold bipyramids.Nano Lett.19, 2568–2574 (2019)..

Therrien, A. J. et al. Impact of chemical interface damping on surface plasmon dephasing.Faraday Discuss.214, 59–72 (2019)..

Zhang, Y. C. et al. Surface-plasmon-driven hot electron photochemistry.Chem. Rev.118, 2927–2954 (2018)..

Bauer, C. et al. Ultrafast chemical interface scattering as an additional decay channel for nascent nonthermal electrons in small metal nanoparticles.J. Chem. Phys.120, 9302–9315 (2004)..

Fu, X. Q. et al. Hot carriers in action: multimodal photocatalysis on Au@SnO2core–shell nanoparticles.Nanoscale11, 7324–7334 (2019)..

Chu, W. B. et al. CO2photoreduction on metal oxide surface is driven by transient capture of hot electrons: ab initio quantum dynamics simulation.J. Am. Chem. Soc.142, 3214–3221 (2020)..

Kazuma, E. et al. Single-molecule study of a plasmon-induced reaction for a strongly chemisorbed molecule.Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.59, 7960–7966 (2020)..

Yang, C. et al. Hot carrier transfer-induced photodegradation at a thiolated Au/TiO2interface under X-ray irradiation.J. Phys. Chem. C.124, 22212–22220 (2020)..

Christopher, P., Xin, H. L.&Linic, S. Visible-light-enhanced catalytic oxidation reactions on plasmonic silver nanostructures.Nat. Chem.3, 467–472 (2011)..

Huang, Y. F. et al. Activation of oxygen on gold and silver nanoparticles assisted by surface plasmon resonances.Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.53, 2353–2357 (2014)..

Zhang, Q. F.&Wang, H. Mechanistic insights on plasmon-driven photocatalytic oxidative coupling of thiophenol derivatives: evidence for steady-state photoactivated oxygen.J. Phys. Chem. C.122, 5686–5697 (2018)..

Seemala, B. et al. Plasmon-mediated catalytic O2dissociation on Ag nanostructures: hot electrons or near fields?ACS Energy Lett.4, 1803–1809 (2019)..

Zhou, L. et al. Quantifying hot carrier and thermal contributions in plasmonic photocatalysis.Science362, 69–72 (2018)..

Reddy, H. et al. Determining plasmonic hot-carrier energy distributions via single-molecule transport measurements.Science369, 423–426, https://doi.org/10.1126/science (2020)..

Ahn, W. et al. Energy-tunable photocatalysis by hot carriers generated by surface plasmon polaritons.J. Mater. Chem. A7, 7015–7024 (2019)..

Amano, A.&Taylor, H. The decomposition of ammonia on ruthenium, rhodium and palladium catalysts supported on alumina.J. Am. Chem. Soc.76, 4201–4204 (1954)..

Govorov, A. O., Zhang, H.&Gun'ko, Y. K. Theory of photoinjection of hot plasmonic carriers from metal nanostructures into semiconductors and surface molecules.J. Phys. Chem. C.117, 16616–16631 (2013)..

Takida, Y. et al. Sensitive terahertz-wave detector responses originated by negative differential conductance of resonant-tunneling-diode oscillator.Appl. Phys. Lett.117, 021107 (2020)..

Rappaport, T. S. et al. Wireless communications and applications above 100 GHz: opportunities and challenges for 6G and beyond.IEEE Access7, 78729–78757 (2019)..

Rode, J. C. et al. Indium phosphide heterobipolar transistor technology beyond 1-THz bandwidth.IEEE Trans. Electron Devices62, 2779–2785 (2015)..

del Alamo, J. A. Nanometre-scale electronics with Ⅲ–Ⅴ compound semiconductors.Nature479, 317–323 (2011)..

Liu, W. et al. Approaching the collection limit in hot electron transistors with ambipolar hot carrier transport.ACS Nano13, 14191–14197 (2019)..

Giannazzo, F. et al. High-performance graphene/AlGaN/GaN schottky junctions for hot electron transistors.ACS Appl. Electron. Mater.1, 2342–2354 (2019)..

Li, M. Y. et al. How 2D semiconductors could extend Moore's law.Nature567, 169–170 (2019)..

Shoron, O. F. et al. Prospects of terahertz transistors with the topological semimetal cadmium arsenide.Adv. Electron. Mater.6, 2000676 (2020)..

Chen, Y., Li, Z.&Chen, J. Abnormal electron emission in a vertical graphene/hexagonal boron nitride van der Waals heterostructure driven by a hot hole-induced auger process.ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces12, 57505–57513 (2020)..

Fang, Y., Armin, A., Meredith, P.&Huang, J. Accurate characterization of next-generation thin-film photodetectors.Nat. Photonics13, 1–4 (2019)..

Akbari, A.&Berini, P. Schottky contact surface-plasmon detector integrated with an asymmetric metal stripe waveguide.Appl. Phys. Lett.95, 021104 (2009)..

Schuck, P. J. Hot electrons go through the barrier.Nat. Nanotechnol.8, 799–800 (2013)..

Woessner, A. et al. Highly confined low-loss plasmons in graphene–boron nitride heterostructures.Nat. Mater.14, 421–425 (2015)..

He, Y. et al. Guided modes in a graphene barrier waveguide.Superlattices Microstructures85, 761–767 (2015)..

Rezaeifar, F. et al. Hot-electron emission processes in waveguide-integrated graphene.Nat. Photonics13, 843–848 (2019)..

Breusing, M., Ropers, C.&Elsaesser, T. Ultrafast carrier dynamics in graphite.Phys. Rev. Lett.102, 086809 (2009)..

Winzer, T., Knorr, A.&Malic, E. Carrier multiplication in graphene.Nano Lett.10, 4839–4843 (2010)..

Graham, M. W. et al. Photocurrent measurements of supercollision cooling in graphene.Nat. Phys.9, 103–108 (2013)..

Alonso-González, P. et al. Acoustic terahertz graphene plasmons revealed by photocurrent nanoscopy.Nat. Nanotechnol.12, 31–35 (2017)..

Guo, Q. S. et al. Efficient electrical detection of mid-infrared graphene plasmons at room temperature.Nat. Mater.17, 986–992 (2018)..

Bandurin, D. A. et al. Resonant terahertz detection using graphene plasmons.Nat. Commun.9, 5392 (2018)..

Cai, X. H. et al. Sensitive room-temperature terahertz detection via the photothermoelectric effect in graphene.Nat. Nanotechnol.9, 814–819 (2014)..

Cai, X. H. et al. Plasmon-enhanced terahertz photodetection in graphene.Nano Lett.15, 4295–4302 (2015)..

Shan, H. Y. et al. Direct observation of ultrafast plasmonic hot electron transfer in the strong coupling regime.Light. : Sci. Appl.8, 9 (2019)..

Huang, X. Y. et al. Efficient plasmon-hot electron conversion in Ag–CsPbBr3hybrid nanocrystals.Nat. Commun.10, 1163 (2019)..

Yakunin, S. et al. Low-threshold amplified spontaneous emission and lasing from colloidal nanocrystals of caesium lead halide perovskites.Nat. Commun.6, 8056 (2015)..

Hayes, J.&Levi, A. Dynamics of extreme nonequilibrium electron transport in GaAs.IEEE J. Quantum Electron.22, 1744–1752 (1986)..

Gu, Q. C. et al. Plasmon enhanced perovskite-metallic photodetectors.Mater. Des.198, 109374 (2021)..

Mohsen, A. A. et al. Refractory plasmonics enabling 20% efficient lead-free perovskite solar cells.Sci. Rep.10, 6732 (2020)..

Zhu, H. M. et al. Screening in crystalline liquids protects energetic carriers in hybrid perovskites.Science353, 1409–1413 (2016)..

Kang, M. G. et al. Holstein polaron in a valley-degenerate two-dimensional semiconductor.Nat. Mater.17, 676–680 (2018)..

Fu, Y. P. et al. Metal halide perovskite nanostructures for optoelectronic applications and the study of physical properties.Nat. Rev. Mater.4, 169–188 (2019)..

Brongersma, M. L., Halas, N. J.&Nordlander, P. Plasmon-induced hot carrier science and technology.Nat. Nanotechnol.10, 25–34 (2015)..

Views

Downloads

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

Submit

Tools

Publicity Resources

No data

Related Author

No data

Related Institution

No data

⁰