Towards standardizing retinal optical coherence tomography angiography: a review

Danuta M. Sampson; Adam M. Dubis; Fred K. Chen; Robert J. Zawadzki; David D. Sampson

doi:10.1038/s41377-022-00740-9

Go to Nature Website

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

Towards standardizing retinal optical coherence tomography angiography: a review

Reviews

- Towards standardizing retinal optical coherence tomography angiography: a review
- Light: Science & Applications Vol. 11, Issue 4, Pages: 520-541(2022)
- Affiliations：
  
  1.Surrey Biophotonics, Centre for Vision, Speech and Signal Processing and School of Biosciences and Medicine, The University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
  2.NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 2PD, UK
  3.Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science (incorporating Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
  4.Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, 6000, Australia
  5.Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3002, Australia
  6.Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
  7.Surrey Biophotonics, Advanced Technology Institute, School of Physics and School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
- Author bio：
  
  Danuta M. Sampson (danuta.sampson@surrey.ac.uk)
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1038/s41377-022-00740-9
  CLC：
- Published：30 April 2022，
  
  Published Online：18 March 2022，
  
  Received：01 August 2021，
  
  Revised：01 February 2022，
  
  Accepted：14 February 2022
- Accepted：
Scan QR Code
Sampson, D. M. et al. Towards standardizing retinal optical coherence tomography angiography: a review. Light: Science & Applications, 11, 520-541 (2022).
DOI：

Sampson, D. M. et al. Towards standardizing retinal optical coherence tomography angiography: a review. Light: Science & Applications, 11, 520-541 (2022). DOI： 10.1038/s41377-022-00740-9.

摘要

Abstract

The visualization and assessment of retinal microvasculature are important in the study

diagnosis

monitoring

and guidance of treatment of ocular and systemic diseases. With the introduction of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA)

it has become possible to visualize the retinal microvasculature volumetrically and without a contrast agent. Many lab-based and commercial clinical instruments

imaging protocols and data analysis methods and metrics

have been applied

often inconsistently

resulting in a confusing picture that represents a major barrier to progress in applying OCTA to reduce the burden of disease. Open data and software sharing

and cross-comparison and pooling of data from different studies are rare. These inabilities have impeded building the large databases of annotated OCTA images of healthy and diseased retinas that are necessary to study and define characteristics of specific conditions. This paper addresses the steps needed to standardize OCTA imaging of the human retina to address these limitations. Through review of the OCTA literature

we identify issues and inconsistencies and propose minimum standards for imaging protocols

data analysis methods

metrics

reporting of findings

and clinical practice and

where this is not possible

we identify areas that require further investigation. We hope that this paper will encourage the unification of imaging protocols in OCTA

promote transparency in the process of data collection

analysis

and reporting

and facilitate increasing the impact of OCTA on retinal healthcare delivery and life science investigations.

关键词

Keywords

references

Wang, D. P.&Xia, J. Optics based biomedical imaging: principles and applications.J. Appl. Phys.125, 191101 (2019)..

Roblyer, D. M. Perspective on the increasing role of optical wearables and remote patient monitoring in the COVID-19 era and beyond.J. Biomed. Opt.25, 102703 (2020)..

Wells, W. A. et al. Validation of novel optical imaging technologies: the pathologists' view.J. Biomed. Opt.12, 051801 (2007)..

Tearney, G. J. et al. Consensus standards for acquisition, measurement, and reporting of intravascular optical coherence tomography studies: a report from the international working group for intravascular optical coherence tomography standardization and validation.J. Am. Coll. Cardiol.59, 1058–1072 (2012)..

Munk, M. R. et al. Standardization of OCT angiography nomenclature in retinal vascular diseases: first survey results.Ophthalmol. Retin.5, 981–990 (2021)..

Reiss, S. Biomedical imaging/disease diagnosis: quality and standards: making bioimaging "measure up".https://www.laserfocusworld.com/biooptics/biophotonics-tools/article/14191159/biomedical-imagingdisease-diagnosis-quality-and-standards-making-bioimaging-measure-uphttps://www.laserfocusworld.com/biooptics/biophotonics-tools/article/14191159/biomedical-imagingdisease-diagnosis-quality-and-standards-making-bioimaging-measure-up(2010).

Wardlaw, J. M. et al. Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration.Lancet Neurol.12, 822–838 (2013)..

Rajewsky, N. et al. LifeTime and improving European healthcare through cell-based interceptive medicine.Nature587, 377–386 (2020)..

The European Institute for Biomedical Imaging Research (EIBIR). Strategic research agenda for biomedical imaging.Insights into Imaging10, 7 (2019).

Spaide, R. F. et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography.Prog. Retinal Eye Res.64, 1–55 (2018)..

Wagner, S. K. et al. Insights into systemic disease through retinal imaging-based oculomics.Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol.9, 6 (2020)..

Swanson, E. A.&Huang, D. Ophthalmic OCT reaches ＄1 billion per yearhttps://www.retinalphysician.com/issues/2011/may-2011/ophthalmic-oct-reaches-$1-billion-per-yearhttps://www.retinalphysician.com/issues/2011/may-2011/ophthalmic-oct-reaches-$1-billion-per-year(2011).

Fujimoto, J.&Swanson, E. The development, commercialization, and impact of optical coherence tomography.Investigative Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.57, OCT1–OCT13 (2016)..

Lee, A. Y. et al. Recommendations for standardization of images in ophthalmology.Ophthalmology128, 969–970 (2021)..

Corvi, F. et al. Comparison between several optical coherence tomography angiography devices and indocyanine green angiography of choroidal neovascularization.Retina40, 873–880 (2020)..

Mendonça, L. S. M. et al. Deliberations of an international panel of experts on OCT angiography nomenclature of neovascular age-related macular degeneration.Ophthalmology128, 1109–1112 (2021)..

Fawzi, A. A. Consensus on optical coherence tomographic angiography nomenclature: do we need to develop and learn a new language?JAMA Ophthalmol.135, 377–378 (2017)..

Pichi, F. et al. Standardisation of optical coherence tomography angiography nomenclature in uveitis: first survey results.Br. J. Ophthalmol.105, 941–947 (2021)..

Vujosevic, S. et al. Standardization of optical coherence tomography angiography imaging biomarkers in diabetic retinal disease.Ophthalmic Res.64, 871–887 (2021)..

Ziad, A. A. et al. Intracoronary optical coherence tomography: state of the art and future directions.EuroIntervention17, e105–e123 (2021)..

Esteban, O. et al. fMRIPrep: a robust preprocessing pipeline for functional MRI.Nat. Methods16, 111–116 (2019)..

Simon, J. H. et al. Standardized MR imaging protocol for multiple sclerosis: consortium of MS centers consensus guidelines.AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol.27, 455–461 (2006)..

Stefan, S.&Lee, J. Deep learning toolbox for automated enhancement, segmentation, and graphing of cortical optical coherence tomography microangiograms.Biomed. Opt. Express11, 7325–7342 (2020)..

Choi, W. J. Imaging motion: a comprehensive review of optical coherence tomography angiography.Adv. Exp. Med. Biol.1310, 343–365 (2021)..

Laíns, I. et al. Retinal applications of swept source optical coherence tomography (OCT) and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).Prog. Retinal Eye Res.84, 100951 (2021)..

Duncan, G. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA)—a review.Optician Sel.2018, 22–27 (2018)..

Tan, A. C. S. et al. An overview of the clinical applications of optical coherence tomography angiography.Eye32, 262–286 (2018)..

Chan, G. et al. Quantitative morphometry of perifoveal capillary networks in the human retina.Investigative Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.53, 5502–5514 (2012)..

Yu, D. Y.&Cringle, S. J. Oxygen distribution and consumption within the retina in vascularised and avascular retinas and in animal models of retinal disease.Prog. Retinal Eye Res.20, 175–208 (2001)..

Yu, P. K. et al. The structural relationship between the microvasculature, neurons, and glia in the human retina.Investigative Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.51, 447–458 (2010)..

Wong-Riley, M. Energy metabolism of the visual system.Eye Brain2, 99–116 (2010)..

Yu, D. Y. et al. Retinal capillary perfusion: spatial and temporal heterogeneity.Prog. Retinal Eye Res.70, 23–54 (2019)..

Yu, P. K. et al. Microstructure and network organization of the microvasculature in the human macula.Investigative Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.51, 6735–6743 (2010)..

Braaf, B. et al. Angiography of the retina and the choroid with phase-resolved OCT using interval-optimized backstitched B-scans.Opt. Express20, 20516–20534 (2012)..

Borowsky, I. W.&Collins, R. C. Metabolic anatomy of brain: a comparison of regional capillarydensity, glucose metabolism, and enzyme activities.J. Comp. Neurol.288, 401–413 (1989)..

Chandrasekera, E. et al. Three-dimensional microscopy demonstrates series and parallel organization of human peripapillary capillary plexuses.Investigative Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.59, 4327–4344 (2018)..

An, D. et al. Associations between capillary diameter, capillary density, and microaneurysms in diabetic retinopathy: a high-resolution confocal microscopy study.Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol.10, 6 (2021)..

Hormel, T. T. et al. Plexus-specific retinal vascular anatomy and pathologies as seen by projection-resolved optical coherence tomographic angiography.Prog. Retinal Eye Res.80, 100878 (2021)..

Iadecola, C. The neurovascular unit coming of age: a journey through neurovascular coupling in health and disease.Neuron96, 17–42 (2017)..

Lee, E. J. InOCT Imaging in Glaucoma: A Guide for Practitioners(eds Park, K. H.&Kim, T. W.) 71–88 (Springer, 2021).

Wang, J. et al. Retinal and choroidal vascular changes in coronary heart disease: an optical coherence tomography angiography study.Biomed. Opt. Express10, 1532–1544 (2019)..

Chalkias, E. et al. The contribution of ocular biomarkers in the differential diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease versus other types of dementia and future prospects.J. Alzheimer's Dis.80, 493–504 (2021)..

Barton, J. K.&Stromski, S. Flow measurement without phase information in optical coherence tomography images.Opt. Express13, 5234–5239 (2005)..

Makita, S. et al. Optical coherence angiography.Opt. Express14, 7821–7840 (2006)..

Wang, R. K. et al. Three dimensional optical angiography.Opt. Express15, 4083–4097 (2007)..

Fingler, J. et al. Phase-contrast OCT imaging of transverse flows in the mouse retina and choroid.Investigative Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.49, 5055–5059 (2008)..

Fingler, J. et al. Mobility and transverse flow visualization using phase variance contrast with spectral domain optical coherence tomography.Opt. Express15, 12636–12653 (2007)..

Moult, E. et al. Ultrahigh-speed swept-source OCT angiography in exudative AMD.Ophthalmic Surg., Lasers Imaging Retin.45, 496–505 (2014)..

Kashani, A. H. et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography: a comprehensive review of current methods and clinical applications.Prog. Retinal Eye Res.60, 66–100 (2017)..

Richter, D. et al. Relative retinal flow velocity detection using optical coherence tomography angiography imaging.Biomed. Opt. Express11, 6710–6720 (2020)..

Wang, L. et al. Emerging applications of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in neurological research.Eye Vis.5, 11 (2018)..

Migacz, J. V. et al. Megahertz-rate optical coherence tomography angiography improves the contrast of the choriocapillaris and choroid in human retinal imaging.Biomed. Opt. Express10, 50–65 (2019)..

Jonnal, R. S. et al. A review of adaptive optics optical coherence tomography: technical advances, scientific applications, and the future.Investigative Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.57, OCT51–OCT68 (2016)..

Wang, Q. et al. Short-time series optical coherence tomography angiography and its application to cutaneous microvasculature.Biomed. Opt. Express10, 293–307 (2019)..

Khan, H. A. et al. A major review of optical coherence tomography angiography.Expert Rev. Ophthalmol.12, 373–385 (2017)..

Kim, D. Y. et al. Optical imaging of the chorioretinal vasculature in the living human eye.Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA110, 14354–14359 (2013)..

Szkulmowski, M. et al. Flow velocity estimation by complex ambiguity free joint spectral and time domain optical coherence tomography.Opt. Express17, 14281–14297 (2009)..

Gao, S. S. et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography.Investigative Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.57, OCT27–OCT36 (2016)..

Mariampillai, A. et al. Speckle variance detection of microvasculature using swept-source optical coherence tomography.Opt. Lett.33, 1530–1532 (2008)..

Jia, Y. L. et al. Split-spectrum amplitude-decorrelation angiography with optical coherence tomography.Opt. Express20, 4710–4725 (2012)..

Zhang, P. F. et al. Temporal speckle-averaging of optical coherence tomography volumes for in-vivo cellular resolution neuronal and vascular retinal imaging.Neurophotonics6, 041105 (2019)..

Spaide, R. F., Klancnik, J. M. Jr.&Cooney, M. J. Retinal vascular layers imaged by fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography angiography.JAMA Ophthalmol.133, 45–50 (2015)..

Greig, E. C., Duker, J. S.&Waheed, N. K. A practical guide to optical coherence tomography angiography interpretation.Int. J. Retin. Vitreous6, 55 (2020)..

de Carlo, T. E. et al. A review of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).Int. J. Retin. Vitreous1, 5 (2015)..

Rabiolo, A. et al. Ultra-wide-field fluorescein angiography in diabetic retinopathy: a narrative review.Clin. Ophthalmol.11, 803–807 (2017)..

Polans, J. et al. Enhanced visualization of peripheral retinal vasculature with wavefront sensorless adaptive optics optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetic patients.Opt. Lett.42, 17–20 (2017)..

Zhang, Q. Q. et al. Ultra-wide optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetic retinopathy.Quant. Imaging Med. Surg.8, 743–753 (2018)..

Yu, P. K. et al. Use of the retinal vascular histology to validate an optical coherence tomography angiography technique.Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol.10, 29 (2021)..

Yao, X. W. et al. Comparison of retinal vessel diameter measurements from swept-source OCT angiography and adaptive optics ophthalmoscope.Br. J. Ophthalmol.105, 426–431 (2021)..

Borrelli, E. et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetes.Asia-Pac. J. Ophthalmol.10, 20–25 (2021)..

Chua, J. et al. Future clinical applicability of optical coherence tomography angiography.Clin. Exp. Optom.102, 260–269 (2019)..

Spaide, R. F., Klancnik, J. M. Jr.&Cooney, M. J. Retinal vascular layers in macular telangiectasia type 2 imaged by optical coherence tomographic angiography.JAMA Ophthalmol.133, 66–73 (2015)..

Couturier, A. et al. Capillary plexus anomalies in diabetic retinopathy on optical coherence tomography angiography.Retina35, 2384–2391 (2015)..

Spahr, H. et al. Imaging pulse wave propagation in human retinal vessels using full-field swept-source optical coherence tomography.Opt. Lett.40, 4771–4774 (2015)..

Kallab, M. et al. Plexus-specific effect of flicker-light stimulation on the retinal microvasculature assessed with optical coherence tomography angiography.Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circulatory Physiol.320, H23–H28 (2021)..

Gong, P. J. et al. Detection of localized pulsatile motion in cutaneous microcirculation by speckle decorrelation optical coherence tomography angiography.J. Biomed. Opt.25, 095004 (2020)..

Xie, Z. Y. et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography measures blood pulsatile waveforms at variable tissue depths.Quant. Imaging Med. Surg.11, 907–917 (2021)..

Pellegrini, M. et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography in neurodegenerative disorders.J. Clin. Med.9, 1706 (2020)..

Cordon, B. et al. Angiography with optical coherence tomography as a biomarker in multiple sclerosis.PLoS ONE15, e0243236 (2020)..

Zhang, Y. et al. Advances in retina imaging as potential biomarkers for early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.Transl. Neurodegeneration10, 6 (2021)..

Song, A. et al. Optical coherence tomography in patients with Alzheimer's Disease: what can it tell us?Eye Brain13, 1–20 (2021)..

Rifai, O. M. et al. The application of optical coherence tomography angiography in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review.Alzheimer's Dement.13, e12149 (2021)..

Gupta, V. B. et al. Retinal changes in Alzheimer's disease- integrated prospects of imaging, functional and molecular advances.Prog. Retinal Eye Res.80, 100899 (2021)..

Chua, J. et al. Retinal microvasculature dysfunction is associated with Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment.Alzheimer's Res. Ther.12, 161 (2020)..

Wang, X. J. et al. The vessel density of the superficial retinal capillary plexus as a new biomarker in cerebral small vessel disease: an optical coherence tomography angiography study.Neurological Sci.42, 3615–3624 (2021)..

Spaide, R. F., Fujimoto, J. G.&Waheed, N. K. Image artifacts in optical coherence tomography angiography.Retina35, 2163–2180 (2015)..

Rabiolo, A. et al. Macular perfusion parameters in different angiocube sizes: does the size matter in quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography?Investigative Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.59, 231–237 (2018)..

Chen, F. K. et al. Intrasession repeatability and interocular symmetry of foveal avascular zone and retinal vessel density in OCT angiography.Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol.7, 6 (2018)..

Ma, Y. H. et al. ROSE: a retinal OCT-angiography vessel segmentation dataset and new model.IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging40, 928–939 (2021)..

Wei, X. et al. 75-degree non-mydriatic single-volume optical coherence tomographic angiography.Biomed. Opt. Express10, 6286–6295 (2019)..

Hendargo, H. C. et al. Automated non-rigid registration and mosaicing for robust imaging of distinct retinal capillary beds using speckle variance optical coherence tomography.Biomed. Opt. Express4, 803–821 (2013)..

Choudhry, N. et al. Classification and guidelines for widefield imaging: recommendations from the international widefield imaging study group.Ophthalmol. Retin.3, 843–849 (2019)..

Patel, S. N. et al. Ultra-widefield retinal imaging: an update on recent advances.Therapeutic Adv. Ophthalmol.12, 1–12 (2020)..

Hormel, T. T. et al. Maximum value projection produces betteren faceOCT angiograms than mean value projection.Biomed. Opt. Express9, 6412–6424 (2018)..

Tan, B. Y. et al. Approaches to quantify optical coherence tomography angiography metrics.Ann. Transl. Med.8, 1205 (2020)..

Frangi, A. F. et al. Multiscale vessel enhancement filtering. inProceedings of the 1st International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention130–137 (Springer, 1998).

Rabiolo, A. et al. Comparison of methods to quantify macular and peripapillary vessel density in optical coherence tomography angiography.PLoS ONE13, e0205773 (2018)..

Uji, A. et al. Impact of multiple en face image averaging on quantitative assessment from optical coherence tomography angiography images.Ophthalmology124, 944–952 (2017)..

Mehta, N. et al. Impact of binarization thresholding and brightness/contrast adjustment methodology on optical coherence tomography angiography image quantification.Am. J. Ophthalmol.205, 54–65 (2019)..

Meiburger, K. M. et al. Automatic segmentation and classification methodsusing optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA): a review and handbook.Appl. Sci.11, 9734 (2021)..

Hong, J. et al. Intra-session repeatability of quantitative metrics using widefield optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in elderly subjects.Acta Ophthalmologica98, e570–e578 (2020)..

Linderman, R. et al. Assessing the accuracy of foveal avascular zone measurements using optical coherence tomography angiography: segmentation and scaling.Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol.6, 16 (2017)..

Corvi, F. et al. Reproducibility of vessel density, fractal dimension, and foveal avascular zone using 7 different optical coherence tomography angiography devices.Am. J. Ophthalmol.186, 25–31 (2018)..

Gorczynska, I. et al. Comparison of amplitude-decorrelation, speckle-variance and phase-variance OCT angiography methods for imaging the human retina and choroid.Biomed. Opt. Express7, 911–942 (2016)..

Giarratano, Y. et al. Automated segmentation of optical coherence tomography angiography images: benchmark data and clinically relevant metrics.Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol.9, 5 (2020)..

Dadkhah, A., Paudel, D.&Jiao, S. L. Comparative study of optical coherence tomography angiography algorithms for rodent retinal imaging.Exp. Biol. Med.246, 2207–2213 (2021)..

Yazdanpanah, A. et al. Intra-retinal layer segmentation in optical coherence tomography using an active contour approach. InProceedings of the 12th International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention649–656 (Springer, 2009).

Mishra, A. et al. Intra-retinal layer segmentation in optical coherence tomography images.Opt. Express17, 23719–23728 (2009)..

Chiu, S. J. et al. Automatic segmentation of seven retinal layers in SDOCT images congruent with expert manual segmentation.Opt. Express18, 19413–19428 (2010)..

Fang, L. Y. et al. Automatic segmentation of nine retinal layer boundaries in OCT images of non-exudative AMD patients using deep learning and graph search.Biomed. Opt. Express8, 2732–2744 (2017)..

Hormel, T. T. et al. Artificial intelligence in OCT angiography.Prog. Retinal Eye Res.85, 100965 (2021)..

Borkovkina, S. et al. Real-time retinal layer segmentation of OCT volumes with GPU accelerated inferencing using a compressed, low-latency neural network.Biomed. Opt. Express11, 3968–3984 (2020)..

Li, Q. L. et al. DeepRetina: layer segmentation of retina in OCT images using deep learning.Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol.9, 61 (2020)..

Campbell, J. P. et al. Detailed vascular anatomy of the human retina by projection-resolved optical coherence tomography angiography.Sci. Rep.7, 42201 (2017)..

Snodderly, D. M., Weinhaus, R. S.&Choi, J. C. Neural-vascular relationships in central retina of macaque monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).J. Neurosci.12, 1169–1193 (1992)..

Henkind, P. Radial peripapillary capillaries of the retina. I. Anatomy: human and comparative.Br. J. Ophthalmol.51, 115–123 (1967)..

Alterman, M.&Henkind, P. Radial peripapillary capillaries of the retina. II. Possible role in Bjerrum scotoma.Br. J. Ophthalmol.52, 26–31 (1968)..

Lauermann, J. L. et al. Prevalences of segmentation errors and motion artifacts in OCT-angiography differ among retinal diseases.Graefe's Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol.256, 1807–1816 (2018)..

Yun, S. H. et al. Motion artifacts in optical coherence tomography with frequency-domain ranging.Opt. Express12, 2977–2998 (2004)..

Artal, P. et al. Effects of aging in retinal image quality.J. Optical Soc. Am. A, Opt. Image Sci.10, 1656–1662 (1993)..

Hormel, T. T., Huang, D.&Jia, Y. L. Artifacts and artifact removal in optical coherence tomographic angiography.Quant. Imaging Med. Surg.11, 1120–1133 (2021)..

Zhang, A. Q., Zhang, Q. Q.&Wang, R. K. Minimizing projection artifacts for accurate presentation of choroidal neovascularization in OCT micro-angiography.Biomed. Opt. Express6, 4130–4143 (2015)..

Jia, Y. L. et al. Quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography of choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration.Ophthalmology121, 1435–1444 (2014)..

Wang, J. et al. Reflectance-based projection-resolved optical coherence tomography angiography.Biomed. Opt. Express8, 1536–1548 (2017)..

Zhang, M. et al. Projection-resolved optical coherence tomographic angiography.Biomed. Opt. Express7, 816–828 (2016)..

Di Antonio, L. et al. Retinal vascular metrics difference by comparison of two image acquisition modes using a novel OCT angiography prototype.PLoS ONE15, e0243074 (2020)..

Nelson, A. J. et al. Clinical utility of triplicate en face image averaging for optical coherence tomography angiography in glaucoma and glaucoma suspects.J. Glaucoma29, 823–830 (2020)..

Mo, S. et al. Visualization of radial peripapillary capillaries using optical coherence tomography angiography: the effect of image averaging.PLoS ONE12, e0169385 (2017)..

Lauermann, J. L. et al. Impact of integrated multiple image averaging on OCT angiography image quality and quantitative parameters.Graefe's Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol.257, 2623–2629 (2019)..

Liu, K. K. et al. Effects of enhanced depth imaging and en face averaging on optical coherence tomography angiography image quantification.Graefe's Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol.258, 979–986 (2020)..

Kaizu, Y. et al. Microaneurysm imaging using multiple en face OCT angiography image averaging: morphology and visualization.Ophthalmol. Retin.4, 175–186 (2020)..

Le Boité, H. et al. Impact of image averaging on vessel detection using optical coherence tomography angiography in eyes with macular oedema and in healthy eyes.PLoS ONE16, e0257859 (2021)..

Schmidt, T. G. et al. The utility of frame averaging for automated algorithms in analyzing retinal vascular biomarkers in AngioVue OCTA.Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol.8, 1–10 (2019)..

Yu, J. J. et al. Signal strength reduction effects in OCT angiography.Ophthalmol. Retin.3, 835–842 (2019)..

Ali, N. et al. Clinical validation of the RTVue optical coherence tomography angiography image quality indicators.Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol.48, 192–203 (2020)..

Mirshahi, R. et al. Foveal avascular zone segmentation in optical coherence tomography angiography images using a deep learning approach.Sci. Rep.11, 1031 (2021)..

Lim, H. B.et al. The importance of signal strength in quantitative assessment of retinal vessel density using optical coherence tomography angiography.Sci. Rep.8, 12897 (2018)..

Lauermann, J. L. et al. Automated OCT angiography image quality assessment using a deep learning algorithm.Graefe's Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol.257, 1641–1648 (2019)..

Abdelsalam, M. M. Effective blood vessels reconstruction methodology for early detection and classification of diabetic retinopathyusing OCTA images by artificial neural network.Inform. Med. Unlocked20, 100390 (2020)..

Heisler, M. et al. Ensemble deep learning for diabetic retinopathy detection using optical coherence tomography angiography.Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol.9, 20 (2020)..

Thakoor, K. et al. Hybrid 3d-2d deep learning for detection of neovascularage-related macular degeneration using optical coherence tomography B-scans and angiography volumes. inProceedings of the 18th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging1600–1604 (IEEE, 2021).

De Jesus, D. A. et al. OCTA multilayer and multisector peripapillary microvascular modeling for diagnosing and staging of glaucoma.Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol.9, 58 (2020)..

Guo, Y. K. et al. Development and validation of a deep learning algorithm for distinguishing the nonperfusion area from signal reduction artifacts on OCT angiography.Biomed. Opt. Express10, 3257–3268 (2019)..

Ran, A. R.&Cheung, C. Y. Deep learning-based optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography image analysis: an updated summary.Asia-Pac. J. Ophthalmol.10, 253–260 (2021)..

Garway-Heath, D. F. et al. Measurement of optic disc size: equivalence of methods to correct for ocular magnification.Br. J. Ophthalmol.82, 643–649 (1998)..

Bennett, A. G., Rudnicka, A. R.&Edgar, D. F. Improvements on Littmann's method of determining the size of retinal features by fundus photography.Graefe's Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol.232, 361–367 (1994)..

Sampson, D. M. et al. Axial length variation impacts on superficial retinal vessel density and foveal avascular zone area measurements using optical coherence tomography angiography.Investigative Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.58, 3065–3072 (2017)..

Llanas, S. et al. Assessing the use of incorrectly scaled optical coherence tomography angiography images in peer-reviewed studies: a systematic review.JAMA Ophthalmol.138, 86–94 (2020)..

Morgan, P. B., McCullough, S. J.&Saunders, K. J. Estimation of ocular axial length from conventional optometric measures.Contact Lens Anterior Eye43, 18–20 (2020)..

Tan, B. Y. et al. Developing a normative database for retinal perfusion using optical coherence tomography angiography.Biomed. Opt. Express12, 4032–4045 (2021)..

Rohrschneider, K. Determination of the location of the fovea on the fundus.Investigative Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.45, 3257–3258 (2004)..

Lal, B. et al. Induced refractive error changes the optical coherence tomography angiography transverse magnification and vascular indices.Am. J. Ophthalmol.229, 230–241 (2021)..

Corliss, B. A. et al. Methods to label, image, and analyze the complex structural architectures of microvascular networks.Microcirculation26, e12520 (2019)..

Chu, Z. D. et al. Quantitative assessment of the retinal microvasculature using optical coherence tomography angiography.J. Biomed. Opt.21, 66008 (2016)..

Durbin, M. K. et al. Quantification of retinal microvascular density in optical coherence tomographic angiography images in diabetic retinopathy.JAMA Ophthalmol.135, 370–376 (2017)..

Krawitz, B. D. et al. Acircularity index and axis ratio of the foveal avascular zone in diabetic eyes and healthy controls measured by optical coherence tomography angiography.Vis. Res.139, 177–186 (2017)..

Wang, B. J. et al. Three-dimensional structural and angiographic evaluation of foveal ischemia in diabetic retinopathy: method and validation.Biomed. Opt. Express10, 3522–3532 (2019)..

Rosen, R. B. et al. Earliest evidence of preclinical diabetic retinopathy revealed using optical coherence tomography angiography perfused capillary density.Am. J. Ophthalmol.203, 103–115 (2019)..

Sun, Z. H. et al. OCT angiography metrics predict progression of diabetic retinopathy and development of diabetic macular edema: a prospective study.Ophthalmology126, 1675–1684 (2019)..

Röhlig, M. et al. Enhanced grid-based visual analysis of retinal layer thickness with optical coherence tomography.Information10, 266 (2019)..

Yu, P. K. et al. Quantitative study of the macular microvasculature in human donor eyes.Investigative Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.59, 108–116 (2018)..

Sampson, D. M. et al. RTVue XR AngioVue optical coherence tomography angiography software upgrade impacts on retinal thickness and vessel density measurements.Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol.9, 10 (2020)..

Mukkamala, L. et al. Repeatability of vascular density measurement of the three retinal plexus layers using OCT angiography in pathologic eyes (OCTA vascular density repeatability of three plexus layers).Clin. Ophthalmol.15, 93–103 (2021)..

Bland, J. M.&Altman, D. G. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement.Lancet327, 307–310 (1986)..

Onishi, A. C.&Fawzi, A. A. An overview of optical coherence tomography angiography and the posterior pole.Therapeutic Adv. Ophthalmol.11, 2515841419840249 (2019)..

Coscas, F. et al. Normative data for vascular density in superficial and deep capillary plexuses of healthy adults assessed by optical coherence tomography angiography.Investigative Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.57, OCT211–OCT223 (2016)..

Yao, X. C. et al. Quantitative optical coherence tomography angiography: a review.Exp. Biol. Med.245, 301–312 (2020)..

Khadamy, J., Aghdam, K. A.&Falavarjani, K. G. An update on optical coherence tomography angiography in diabetic retinopathy.J. Ophthalmic Vis. Res.13, 487–497 (2018)..

Tom, E. et al. Protecting data privacy in the age of AI-enabled ophthalmology.Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol.9, 36 (2020)..

Wang, S. Y., Pershing, S.&Lee, A. Y. Big data requirements for artificial intelligence.Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol.31, 318–323 (2020)..

Lo, J. et al. Federated learning for microvasculature segmentation and diabetic retinopathy classification of OCT data.Ophthalmol. Sci.1, 100069 (2021)..

Wang, Z. R. et al. Generative adversarial networks in ophthalmology: what are these and how can they be used?Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol.32, 459–467 (2021)..

Fraser, G. M., Goldman, D.&Ellis, C. G. Microvascular flow modeling using in vivo hemodynamic measurements in reconstructed 3D capillary networks.Microcirculation19, 510–520 (2012)..

Sarabi, M. S. et al. 3D retinal vessel density mapping with OCT-angiography. An automated 3D analysis framework for optical coherence tomography angiography.IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform.24, 3466–3479 (2020)..

Maloca, P. M. et al. Novel biomarker of sphericity and cylindricity indices in volume-rendering optical coherence tomography angiography in normal and diabetic eyes: a preliminary study.Graefe's Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol.258, 711–723 (2020)..

Zhu, J. et al. Visibility of microvessels in optical coherence tomography angiography depends on angular orientation.J. Biophotonics13, e202000090 (2020)..

Leahy, C. et al. Mapping the 3D connectivity of the rat inner retinal vascular network using OCT angiography.Investigative Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.56, 5785–5793 (2015)..

Zhou, K. C. et al. Optical coherence refraction tomography.Nat. Photonics13, 794–802 (2019)..

Grulkowski, I. et al. Scanning protocols dedicated to smart velocity ranging in Spectral OCT.Opt. Express17, 23736–23754 (2009)..

Chen, T. H. et al. Effect of A-scan rate and interscan interval on optical coherence angiography.Biomed. Opt. Express12, 722–736 (2021)..

Wei, X. et al. High dynamic range optical coherence tomography angiography (HDR-OCTA).Biomed. Opt. Express10, 3560–3571 (2019)..

Ni, S. B. et al. High-speed and widefield handheld swept-source OCT angiography with a VCSEL light source.Biomed. Opt. Express12, 3553–3570 (2021)..

Kurokawa, K., Liu, Z. L.&Miller, D. T. Adaptive optics optical coherence tomography angiography for morphometric analysis of choriocapillaris.Biomed. Opt. Express8, 1803–1822 (2017)..

Ju, M. J. et al. Multiscale sensorless adaptive optics OCT angiography system for in vivo human retinal imaging.J. Biomed. Opt.22, 121703 (2017)..

Salas, M. et al. Visualization of micro-capillaries using optical coherence tomography angiography with and without adaptive optics.Biomed. Opt. Express8, 207–222 (2017)..

Serebryakov, V. A. et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography in the diagnosis of ophthalmologic diseases: problems and prospects.J. Optical Technol.87, 67–93 (2020)..

Bedggood, P.&Metha, A. Adaptive optics imaging of the retinal microvasculature.Clin. Exp. Optom.103, 112–122 (2020)..

Ma, Y. H. et al. Quantifying the pattern of retinal vascular orientation in diabetic retinopathy using optical coherence tomography angiography.Sci. Rep.11, 15826 (2021)..

Nesper, P. L.&Fawzi, A. A. Human parafoveal capillary vascular anatomy and connectivity revealed by optical coherence tomography angiography.Investigative Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.59, 3858–3867 (2018)..

Yu, D. Y. et al. InMacular Surgery: Current Practice and Trends(eds Chang, A., Mieler, W. F.&Ohji, M.) 15–31 (Singapore: Springer, 2020).

Views

Downloads

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

Submit

Tools

Publicity Resources

No data

Related Author

No data

Related Institution

No data

⁰