Investigation progresses of rare earth complexes as emitters or sensitizers in organic light-emitting diodes

Shuaibing Li; Liang Zhou; Hongjie Zhang

doi:10.1038/s41377-022-00866-w

Go to Nature Website

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

Investigation progresses of rare earth complexes as emitters or sensitizers in organic light-emitting diodes

Reviews

- Investigation progresses of rare earth complexes as emitters or sensitizers in organic light-emitting diodes
- Light: Science & Applications Vol. 11, Issue 7, Pages: 1397-1413(2022)
- Affiliations：
  
  1.State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 130022 Changchun, China
  2.University of Science and Technology of China, 230027 Hefei, China
  3.Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
- Author bio：
  
  Liang Zhou (zhoul@ciac.ac.cn)
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1038/s41377-022-00866-w
  CLC：
Scan for full text
Li, S. B., Zhou, L. & Zhang, H. J. Investigation progresses of rare earth complexes as emitters or sensitizers in organic light-emitting diodes. Light: Science & Applications, 11, 1397-1413 (2022).
DOI：

Li, S. B., Zhou, L. & Zhang, H. J. Investigation progresses of rare earth complexes as emitters or sensitizers in organic light-emitting diodes. Light: Science & Applications, 11, 1397-1413 (2022). DOI： 10.1038/s41377-022-00866-w.

摘要

Abstract

Due to unique photo-physical characteristics, rare earth (RE) complexes play important roles in many fields, for example, telecommunications, life science, and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Especially, thanks to narrow emission bandwidth and 100% theoretical internal quantum efficiency (IQE), the study of RE complexes in the electroluminescence field has been a hot research topic in recent 30 years. As a leading technology in solid-state light source fields, OLEDs have attracted great interest from academic researchers and commercial endeavors. In the last decades, OLED-based products have trickled into the commercial market and developed quickly into portable display devices. Here, we briefly introduce the luminescent characteristics and electroluminescent (EL) study of RE complexes in material synthesis and device design. Moreover, we emphatically reveal the innovative application of RE complexes as sensitizers in OLEDs. Through experimental validation, the application of RE complexes as sensitizers can realize the complementary advantages of RE complexes and transition metal complexes, leading to significantly improved performances of OLEDs. The application of RE complexes as sensitizers provides a new strategy for designing and developing novel high performances OLEDs.

关键词

Keywords

references

S. V. Eliseeva , J. C. Bunzli . Lanthanide luminescence for functional materials and bio-sciences . Chem. Soc. Rev. , 2010 . 39 189 -227 . DOI:10.1039/B905604Chttp://doi.org/10.1039/B905604C .

R. J. Curry , W. P. Gillin . Electroluminescence of organolanthanide based organic light emitting diodes . Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. , 2001 . 5 481 -486 . DOI:10.1016/S1359-0286(02)00010-4http://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-0286(02)00010-4 .

W. T. Carnall , 等 . A systematic analysis of the spectra of the lanthanides doped into single crystal LaF3 . J. Chem. Phys. , 1989 . 90 3443 -3457 . DOI:10.1063/1.455853http://doi.org/10.1063/1.455853 .

J. E. Geusic , H. M. Marcos , L. G. Van Uitert . Laser oscillations in Nd‐doped yttrium aluminum, yttrium gallium and gadolinium garnets . Appl. Phys. Lett. , 1964 . 4 182 -184 . DOI:10.1063/1.1753928http://doi.org/10.1063/1.1753928 .

R. J. Mears , 等 . Low-noise erbium-doped fibre amplifier operating at 1.54 μm . Electron. Lett. , 1987 . 23 1026 -1028. .

E. Soini , I. Hemmilä . Fluoroimmunoassay: present status and key problems . Clin. Chem. , 1979 . 35 353 -361 . DOI:10.1093/clinchem/25.3.353http://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/25.3.353 .

A. de Bettencourt-Dias . Lanthanide-based emitting materials in light-emitting diodes . Dalton Trans. , 2007 . 22 2229 -2241 . DOI:10.1039/b702341chttp://doi.org/10.1039/b702341c .

O. M. Khreis , 等 . Infrared organic light emitting diodes using neodymium tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) . J. Appl. Phys. , 2000 . 88 777 -780 . DOI:10.1063/1.373803http://doi.org/10.1063/1.373803 .

P. He , 等 . An efficient europium(Ⅲ) organic complex as red phosphor applied in LED . J. Electrochem. Soc. , 2009 . 156 DOI:10.1149/1.3042206http://doi.org/10.1149/1.3042206 .

C. W. Tang , S. A. Vanslyke . Organic electroluminescent diodes . Appl. Phys. Lett. , 1987 . 51 913 -915 . DOI:10.1063/1.98799http://doi.org/10.1063/1.98799 .

J. S. Kim , C. K. Song . Textile display with AMOLED using a stacked-pixel structure on a polyethylene terephthalate fabric substrate . Materials , 2019 . 12 2000 DOI:10.3390/ma12122000http://doi.org/10.3390/ma12122000 .

S. Choi , 等 . Thin-film transistor-driven vertically stacked full-color organic light-emitting diodes for high-resolution active-matrix displays . Nat. Commun. , 2020 . 11 2732 DOI:10.1038/s41467-020-16551-8http://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16551-8 .

Z. N. Chaleshtori , 等 . Utilization of an OLED-based VLC system in office, corridor, and semi-open corridor environments . Sensors , 2020 . 20 6869 DOI:10.3390/s20236869http://doi.org/10.3390/s20236869 .

G. Hong , 等 . A brief history of OLEDs-emitter development and industry milestones . Adv. Mater. , 2021 . 33 2005630 DOI:10.1002/adma.202005630http://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202005630 .

C. Murawski , K. Leo , M. C. Gather . Efficiency roll-off in organic light-emitting diodes . Adv. Mater. , 2013 . 25 6801 -6827 . DOI:10.1002/adma.201301603http://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201301603 .

J. H. Jou , 等 . Approaches for fabricating high efficiency organic light emitting diodes . J. Mater. Chem. C. , 2015 . 3 2974 -3002 . DOI:10.1039/C4TC02495Hhttp://doi.org/10.1039/C4TC02495H .

S. S. Swayamprabha , 等 . Approaches for long lifetime organic light emitting diodes . Adv. Sci. , 2021 . 8 2002254 DOI:10.1002/advs.202002254http://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202002254 .

C. Wei , 等 . Advances in luminescent lanthanide complexes and applications . Sci. China Technol. Sci. , 2018 . 61 1265 -1285 . DOI:10.1007/s11431-017-9212-7http://doi.org/10.1007/s11431-017-9212-7 .

A. Zampetti , A. Minotto , F. Cacialli . Near-infrared (NIR) organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs): challenges and opportunities . Adv. Funct. Mater. , 2019 . 29 1807623 DOI:10.1002/adfm.201807623http://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201807623 .

N. T. Kalyani , S. J. Dhoble . Organic light emitting diodes: energy saving lighting technology—a review . Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. , 2012 . 16 2696 -2723 . DOI:10.1016/j.rser.2012.02.021http://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.02.021 .

L. D. Wang , 等 . Review on the electroluminescence study of lanthanide complexes . Adv. Optical Mater. , 2019 . 7 1801256 DOI:10.1002/adom.201801256http://doi.org/10.1002/adom.201801256 .

T. Gorai , W. Schmitt , T. Gunnlaugsson . Highlights of the development and application of luminescent lanthanide based coordination polymers, MOFs and functional nanomaterials . Dalton Trans. , 2021 . 50 770 -784 . DOI:10.1039/D0DT03684Fhttp://doi.org/10.1039/D0DT03684F .

J. H. Wang , 等 . Proton conductive luminescent thermometer based on near-infrared emissive {YbCo2} molecular nanomagnets . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 2020 . 142 3970 -3979 . DOI:10.1021/jacs.9b13147http://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.9b13147 .

H. Xu , 等 . Electroluminescence from europium(Ⅲ) complexes . Coord. Chem. Rev. , 2015 . 293-294 228 -249. .

R. C. Evans , P. Douglas , C. J. Winscom . Coordination complexes exhibiting room-temperature phosphorescence: evaluation of their suitability as triplet emitters in organic light emitting diodes . Coord. Chem. Rev. , 2006 . 250 2093 -2126 . DOI:10.1016/j.ccr.2006.02.007http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2006.02.007 .

Z. Q. Bian , C. H. Huang . Several important factors influencing electroluminescent efficiency of lanthanide complexes . J. Chin. Rare Earth Soc. , 2004 . 22 7 -16. .

N. Sabbatini , M. Guardigli , J.-M. Lehn . Luminescent lanthanide complexes as photochemical supramolecular devices . Coord. Chem. Rev. , 1993 . 123 201 -228 . DOI:10.1016/0010-8545(93)85056-Ahttp://doi.org/10.1016/0010-8545(93)85056-A .

C. G. Ma , 等 . Energy level schemes of f(N) electronic configurations for the di-, tri-, and tetravalent lanthanides and actinides in a free state . J. Lumin. , 2016 . 170 369 -374 . DOI:10.1016/j.jlumin.2015.07.053http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2015.07.053 .

S. I. Weissman . Intramolecular energy transfer the fluorescence of complexes of europium . J. Chem. Phys. , 1942 . 10 214 -217 . DOI:10.1063/1.1723709http://doi.org/10.1063/1.1723709 .

D. L. Dexter . A theory of sensitized luminescence in solids . J. Chem. Phys. , 1953 . 21 836 -850 . DOI:10.1063/1.1699044http://doi.org/10.1063/1.1699044 .

G. A. Crosby , R. E. Whan , R. M. Alire . Intramolecular energy transfer in rare earth chelates. Role of the triplet state . J. Chem. Phys. , 1961 . 34 743 -748 . DOI:10.1063/1.1731670http://doi.org/10.1063/1.1731670 .

J. Song , 等 . Organic light-emitting diodes: pushing toward the limits and beyond . Adv. Mater. , 2020 . 32 1907539 DOI:10.1002/adma.201907539http://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201907539 .

Y. F. Liu , 等 . Recent developments in flexible organic light-emitting devices . Adv. Mater. Technol. , 2019 . 4 1800371 DOI:10.1002/admt.201800371http://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201800371 .

Y. Jeon , 等 . A wearable photobiomodulation patch using a flexible red-wavelength OLED and its in vitro differential cell proliferation effects . Adv. Mater. Technol. , 2018 . 3 1700391 DOI:10.1002/admt.201700391http://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201700391 .

J. Kido , K. Nagai , Y. Ohashi . Electroluminescence in a terbium complex . Chem. Lett. , 1990 . 19 657 -660 . DOI:10.1246/cl.1990.657http://doi.org/10.1246/cl.1990.657 .

J. C. Scott , S. Karg , S. A. Carter . Bipolar charge and current distributions in organic light-emitting diodes . J. Appl. Phys. , 1997 . 82 1454 -1460 . DOI:10.1063/1.365923http://doi.org/10.1063/1.365923 .

Y. J. Luo , 等 . An ultraviolet thermally activated delayed fluorescence OLED with total external quantum efficiency over 9% . Adv. Mater. , 2020 . 32 2001248 DOI:10.1002/adma.202001248http://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202001248 .

S. B. Li , 等 . High performance blue and white phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes obtained by sensitizing both light-emitting and electron transport layers . J. Lumin. , 2021 . 238 118226 DOI:10.1016/j.jlumin.2021.118226http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2021.118226 .

J. Kido , K. Nagai , Y. Okamoto , T. Skotheim . Electroluminescence from polysilane film doped with europium complex . Chem. Lett. , 1991 . 20 1267 -1270 . DOI:10.1246/cl.1991.1267http://doi.org/10.1246/cl.1991.1267 .

S. Capecchi , 等 . High-efficiency organic electroluminescent devices using an organoterbium emitter . Adv. Mater. , 2000 . 12 1591 -1594 . DOI:10.1002/1521-4095(200011)12:21<1591::AID-ADMA1591>3.0.CO;2-Phttp://doi.org/10.1002/1521-4095(200011)12:21<1591::AID-ADMA1591>3.0.CO;2-P .

F. Zinna , U. Giovanella , L. Di Bari . Highly circularly polarized electroluminescence from a chiral europium complex . Adv. Mater. , 2015 . 27 1791 -1795 . DOI:10.1002/adma.201404891http://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201404891 .

L. Zhou , 等 . Mechanisms of efficiency enhancement in the doped electroluminescent devices based on a europium complex . J. Appl. Phys. , 2008 . 104 114507 DOI:10.1063/1.3033488http://doi.org/10.1063/1.3033488 .

P. Y. Fang , 等 . Lanthanide cerium(Ⅲ) tris(pyrazolyl)borate complexes: efficient blue emitters for doublet organic light-emitting diodes . ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces , 2021 . 13 45686 -45695 . DOI:10.1021/acsami.1c09718http://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c09718 .

J. Y. Li , 等 . Highly efficient and air-stable Eu(Ⅱ)-containing azacryptates ready for organic light-emitting diodes . Nat. Commun. , 2020 . 11 5218 DOI:10.1038/s41467-020-19027-xhttp://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19027-x .

W. L. Li , 等 . Organic electroluminescent devices using terbium chelates as the emitting layers . Synth. Met. , 1997 . 91 263 -265 . DOI:10.1016/S0379-6779(97)04028-9http://doi.org/10.1016/S0379-6779(97)04028-9 .

J. Wang , 等 . First oxadiazole-functionalized terbium(Ⅲ) β-diketonate for organic electroluminescence . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 2001 . 123 6179 -6180 . DOI:10.1021/ja004113uhttp://doi.org/10.1021/ja004113u .

H. Xin , 等 . Efficient electroluminescence from a new terbium complex . J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 2003 . 125 7166 -7167 . DOI:10.1021/ja034087ahttp://doi.org/10.1021/ja034087a .

H. Xin , 等 . Carrier-transport, photoluminescence, and electroluminescence properties comparison of a series of terbium complexes with different structures . Chem. Mater. , 2003 . 15 3728 -3733 . DOI:10.1021/cm0344414http://doi.org/10.1021/cm0344414 .

Z. Q. Chen , 等 . A highly efficient OLED based on terbium complexes . Org. Electron. , 2009 . 10 939 -947 . DOI:10.1016/j.orgel.2009.04.023http://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2009.04.023 .

R. Ilmi , 等 . A single component white electroluminescent device fabricated from a metallo-organic terbium complex . J. Mater. Chem. C , 2019 . 7 13966 -13975 . DOI:10.1039/C9TC04653Dhttp://doi.org/10.1039/C9TC04653D .

T. Sano , 等 . Novel europium complex for electroluminescent devices with sharp red emission . Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. , 1995 . 34 1883 -1887 . DOI:10.1143/JJAP.34.1883http://doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.34.1883 .

G. Zucchi , 等 . Solution, solid state, and film properties of a structurally characterized highly luminescent molecular europium plastic material excitable with visible light . Inorg. Chem. , 2011 . 50 4851 -4856 . DOI:10.1021/ic2000415http://doi.org/10.1021/ic2000415 .

Y. Liu , 等 . Conjugated and nonconjugated bipolar-transporting dinuclear europium(Ⅲ) complexes involving triphenylamine and oxadiazole units: synthesis, photophysical and electroluminescent properties . Tetrahedron , 2013 . 69 4679 -4686 . DOI:10.1016/j.tet.2013.03.092http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2013.03.092 .

H. Xu , 等 . Application of chelate phosphine oxide ligand in EuⅢ complex with mezzo triplet energy level, highly efficient photoluminescent, and electroluminescent performances . J. Phys. Chem. B , 2006 . 110 3023 -3029 . DOI:10.1021/jp055355phttp://doi.org/10.1021/jp055355p .

C. Wei , 等 . Quantum yields over 80% achieved in luminescent europium complexes by employing diphenylphosphoryl tridentate ligands . Inorg. Chem. , 2018 . 57 7512 -7515 . DOI:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01028http://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01028 .

R. Ilmi , 等 . Monochromatic red electroluminescence from a homodinuclear europium(Ⅲ) complex of a β-diketone tethered by 2, 2'-bipyrimidine . J. Mater. Chem. C , 2020 . 8 9816 -9827 . DOI:10.1039/D0TC02181Dhttp://doi.org/10.1039/D0TC02181D .

V. V. Utochnikova , 等 . Identifying lifetime as one of the key parameters responsible for the low brightness of lanthanidebased OLEDs . Dalton Trans. , 2021 . 50 12806 -12813 . DOI:10.1039/D1DT02269Ehttp://doi.org/10.1039/D1DT02269E .

C. Adachi , M. A. Baldo , S. R. Forrest . Electroluminescence mechanisms in organic light emitting devices employing a europium chelate doped in a wide energy gap bipolar conducting host . J. Appl. Phys. , 2000 . 87 8049 -8055 . DOI:10.1063/1.373496http://doi.org/10.1063/1.373496 .

J. R. G. Thorne , 等 . Excited state dynamics of organo-lanthanide electroluminescent phosphors: the properties of Tb(tb-pmp)3 and Gd(tb-pmp)3 . J. Phys. Chem. A , 2002 . 106 4014 -4021 . DOI:10.1021/jp013955shttp://doi.org/10.1021/jp013955s .

L. Zhou , 等 . Conversion process of the dominant electroluminescence mechanism in a molecularly doped organic light-emitting device with only electron trapping . J. Appl. Phys. , 2007 . 102 064504 DOI:10.1063/1.2779269http://doi.org/10.1063/1.2779269 .

G. Yu , 等 . Highly efficient terbium(Ⅲ)-based organic light-emitting diodes obtained by exciton confinement . J. Mater. Chem. C , 2016 . 4 121 -125 . DOI:10.1039/C5TC02944Ahttp://doi.org/10.1039/C5TC02944A .

B. Zhao , 等 . Low turn-on voltage and low roll-off rare earth europium complex-based organic light-emitting diodes with exciplex as the host . J. Mater. Chem. C. , 2017 . 5 12182 -12188 . DOI:10.1039/C7TC03694Ahttp://doi.org/10.1039/C7TC03694A .

E. Girotto , 等 . Efficient terbium complex based on a novel pyrazolone derivative ligand used in solution-processed OLEDs . J. Lumin. , 2019 . 208 57 -62 . DOI:10.1016/j.jlumin.2018.12.027http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2018.12.027 .

X. L. Zheng , 等 . Bright blue-emitting Ce3+ complexes with encapsulating polybenzimidazole tripodal ligands as potential electroluminescent devices . Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. , 2007 . 46 7399 -7403 . DOI:10.1002/anie.200702401http://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200702401 .

D. Q. Gao , 等 . An organic electroluminescent device made from a gadolinium complex . Solid State Commun. , 2002 . 121 145 -147 . DOI:10.1016/S0038-1098(01)00467-7http://doi.org/10.1016/S0038-1098(01)00467-7 .

H. Xin , 等 . Photoluminescence and electroluminescence properties of three ternary lutetium complexes . N. J. Chem. , 2003 . 27 1485 -1489 . DOI:10.1039/b304451chttp://doi.org/10.1039/b304451c .

T. Z. Yu , 等 . Ultraviolet electroluminescence from organic light-emitting diode with cerium(Ⅲ)–crown ether complex . Solid-State Electron. , 2007 . 51 894 -899 . DOI:10.1016/j.sse.2007.05.003http://doi.org/10.1016/j.sse.2007.05.003 .

Y. Kawamura , 等 . Observation of neodymium electroluminescence . Appl. Phys. Lett. , 1999 . 74 3245 -3247 . DOI:10.1063/1.123357http://doi.org/10.1063/1.123357 .

R. G. Sun , 等 . 1.54 μm infrared photoluminescence and electroluminescence from an erbium organic compound . J. Appl. Phys. , 2000 . 87 7589 -7591 . DOI:10.1063/1.373027http://doi.org/10.1063/1.373027 .

Y. Kawamura , 等 . Near-infrared electroluminescence from ytterbium(Ⅲ) complex . Chem. Lett. , 2000 . 29 280 -281 . DOI:10.1246/cl.2000.280http://doi.org/10.1246/cl.2000.280 .

A. Shahalizad , 等 . Enhanced near-infrared electroluminescence from a neodymium complex in organic light-emitting diodes with a solution-processed exciplex host . Appl. Phys. Lett. , 2019 . 114 033301 DOI:10.1063/1.5054721http://doi.org/10.1063/1.5054721 .

R. Nagata , 等 . Exploiting singlet fission in organic light-emitting diodes . Adv. Mater. , 2018 . 30 1801484 DOI:10.1002/adma.201801484http://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201801484 .

B. L. Reid , 等 . Lanthanoid β-triketonates: a new class of highly efficient NIR emitters for bright NIR-OLEDs . Chem. Commun. , 2014 . 50 11580 -11582 . DOI:10.1039/C4CC04961Fhttp://doi.org/10.1039/C4CC04961F .

V. V. Utochnikova , 等 . Lanthanide 9-anthracenate: solution processable emitters for efficient purely NIR emitting host-free OLEDs . J. Mater. Chem. C. , 2016 . 4 9848 -9855 . DOI:10.1039/C6TC03586Hhttp://doi.org/10.1039/C6TC03586H .

G. Q. Jin , H. Z. Xue , J. L. Zhang . Porpholactone chemistry: shining new light on an old cofactor . ChemPlusChem , 2021 . 86 71 -81 . DOI:10.1002/cplu.202000494http://doi.org/10.1002/cplu.202000494 .

Y. Y. Ning , G. Q. Jin , J. L. Zhang . Porpholactone chemistry: an emerging approach to bioinspired photosensitizers with tunable near-infrared photophysical properties . Acc. Chem. Res. , 2019 . 52 2620 -2633 . DOI:10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00119http://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00119 .

X. X. Peng , X. F. Zhu , J. L. Zhang . Near infrared (NIR) imaging: exploring biologically relevant chemical space for lanthanide complexes . J. Inorg. Biochem. , 2020 . 209 111118 DOI:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111118http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111118 .

N. C. Giebink , 等 . Intrinsic luminance loss in phosphorescent small-molecule organic light emitting devices due to bimolecular annihilation reactions . J. Appl. Phys. , 2008 . 103 044509 DOI:10.1063/1.2884530http://doi.org/10.1063/1.2884530 .

D. D. Song , 等 . Causes of efficiency roll-off in phosphorescent organic light emitting devices: triplet-triplet annihilation versus triplet-polaron quenching . Appl. Phys. Lett. , 2010 . 97 243304 DOI:10.1063/1.3527085http://doi.org/10.1063/1.3527085 .

Q. Wang , H. Aziz . Degradation of organic/organic interfaces in organic light-emitting devices due to polaron-exciton interactions . ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces , 2013 . 5 8733 -8739 . DOI:10.1021/am402537jhttp://doi.org/10.1021/am402537j .

S. B. Li , 等 . High performance yellow phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes based on an efficient carriers regulating structure with iridium complex as electron manager . J. Phys. Chem. C , 2021 . 125 25422 -25429 . DOI:10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c08060http://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c08060 .

Y. F. Zhang , S. R. Forrest . Triplets contribute to both an increase and loss in fluorescent yield in organic light emitting diodes . Phys. Rev. Lett. , 2012 . 108 267404 DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.267404http://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.267404 .

A. J. Musser , J. Clark . Triplet-pair states in organic semiconductors . Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. , 2019 . 70 323 -351 . DOI:10.1146/annurev-physchem-042018-052435http://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physchem-042018-052435 .

M. A. Baldo , C. Adachi , S. R. Forrest . Transient analysis of organic electrophosphorescence. Ⅱ. transient analysis of triplet-triplet annihilation . Phys. Rev. B , 2000 . 62 10967 -10977 . DOI:10.1103/PhysRevB.62.10967http://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.62.10967 .

S. B. Li , 等 . Utilization of double-sensitized structure toward achieving high performance green and red phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes . J. Mater. Chem. C , 2021 . 9 11729 -11737 . DOI:10.1039/D1TC02756Ehttp://doi.org/10.1039/D1TC02756E .

T. Y. Cheng , 等 . Carrier transport and recombination mechanism in blue phosphorescent organic light-emitting diode with hosts consisting of cabazole- and triazole-moiety . Sci. Rep. , 2019 . 9 3654 DOI:10.1038/s41598-019-40068-whttp://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40068-w .

L. Zhou , 等 . Rare earth complex as electron trapper and energy transfer ladder for efficient red iridium complex based electroluminescent devices . ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces , 2015 . 7 16046 -16053 . DOI:10.1021/acsami.5b04348http://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b04348 .

R. Z. Cui , 等 . High performance red phosphorescent organic electroluminescent devices with characteristic mechanisms by utilizing terbium or gadolinium complexes as sensitizers . J. Mater. Chem. C , 2017 . 5 2066 -2073 . DOI:10.1039/C6TC05542Ghttp://doi.org/10.1039/C6TC05542G .

R. Z. Cui , 等 . Highly efficient green phosphorescent organic electroluminescent devices with a terbium complex as the sensitizer . Dyes Pigments , 2017 . 136 361 -367 . DOI:10.1016/j.dyepig.2016.08.068http://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2016.08.068 .

R. Z. Cui , 等 . Green phosphorescent organic electroluminescent devices with 27.9% external quantum efficiency by employing a terbium complex as a co-dopant . J. Mater. Chem. C , 2019 . 7 7953 -7958 . DOI:10.1039/C9TC02215Ehttp://doi.org/10.1039/C9TC02215E .

Views

Downloads

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

Submit

Tools

Publicity Resources

No data

Related Author

No data

Related Institution

No data

⁰