On-chip beam rotators, adiabatic mode converters, and waveplates through low-loss waveguides with variable cross-sections

Bangshan Sun; Fyodor Morozko; Patrick S. Salter; Simon Moser; Zhikai Pong; Raj B. Patel; Ian A. Walmsley; Mohan Wang; Adir Hazan; Nicolas Barré; Alexander Jesacher; Julian Fells; Chao He; Aviad Katiyi; Zhen-Nan Tian; Alina Karabchevsky; Martin J. Booth

doi:10.1038/s41377-022-00907-4

Go to Nature Website

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

On-chip beam rotators, adiabatic mode converters, and waveplates through low-loss waveguides with variable cross-sections

Original Articles

- On-chip beam rotators, adiabatic mode converters, and waveplates through low-loss waveguides with variable cross-sections
- Light: Science & Applications Vol. 11, Issue 8, Pages: 1876-1890(2022)
- Affiliations：
  
  1.Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PJ, UK
  2.School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva, 8410501, Israel
  3.Institute of Biomedical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Müllerstraße 44, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
  4.Ultrafast Quantum Optics group, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
  5.Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
  6.Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Straße 6, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
  7.State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
- Author bio：
  
  Bangshan Sun (bangshan.sun@eng.ox.ac.uk)
  Alina Karabchevsky (alinak@bgu.ac.il)
  Martin J. Booth (martin.booth@eng.ox.ac.uk)
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1038/s41377-022-00907-4
  CLC：
- Published：31 August 2022，
  
  Published Online：07 July 2022，
  
  Received：06 December 2021，
  
  Revised：10 June 2022，
  
  Accepted：21 June 2022
- Accepted：
Scan for full text
Sun, B. S. et al. On-chip beam rotators, adiabatic mode converters, and waveplates through low-loss waveguides with variable cross-sections. Light: Science & Applications, 11, 1876-1890 (2022).
DOI：

Sun, B. S. et al. On-chip beam rotators, adiabatic mode converters, and waveplates through low-loss waveguides with variable cross-sections. Light: Science & Applications, 11, 1876-1890 (2022). DOI： 10.1038/s41377-022-00907-4.

摘要

Abstract

Photonics integrated circuitry would benefit considerably from the ability to arbitrarily control waveguide cross-sections with high precision and low loss

in order to provide more degrees of freedom in manipulating propagating light. Here

we report a new method for femtosecond laser writing of optical-fiber-compatible glass waveguides

namely spherical phase-induced multicore waveguide (SPIM-WG)

which addresses this challenging task with three-dimensional on-chip light control. Fabricating in the heating regime with high scanning speed

precise deformation of cross-sections is still achievable along the waveguide

with shapes and sizes finely controllable of high resolution in both horizontal and vertical transversal directions. We observed that these waveguides have high refractive index contrast of 0.017

low propagation loss of 0.14 dB/cm

and very low coupling loss of 0.19 dB coupled from a single-mode fiber. SPIM-WG devices were easily fabricated that were able to perform on-chip beam rotation through varying angles

or manipulate the polarization state of propagating light for target wavelengths. We also demonstrated SPIM-WG mode converters that provide arbitrary adiabatic mode conversion with high efficiency between symmetric and asymmetric nonuniform modes; examples include circular

elliptical modes

and asymmetric modes from ppKTP (periodically poled potassium titanyl phosphate) waveguides which are generally applied in frequency conversion and quantum light sources. Created inside optical glass

these waveguides and devices have the capability to operate across ultra-broad bands from visible to infrared wavelengths. The compatibility with optical fiber also paves the way toward packaged photonic integrated circuitry

which usually needs input and output fiber connections.

关键词

Keywords

references

C. Sun, 等. Single-chip microprocessor that communicates directly using light. Nature, 2015. 528534-538. DOI:10.1038/nature16454http://doi.org/10.1038/nature16454.

W. L. Liu, 等. A fully reconfigurable photonic integrated signal processor. Nat. Photonics, 2016. 10190-195. DOI:10.1038/nphoton.2015.281http://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2015.281.

A. Karabchevsky, 等. On-chip nanophotonics and future challenges. Nanophotonics, 2020. 93733-3753. DOI:10.1515/nanoph-2020-0204http://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0204.

J. Carolan, 等. Universal linear optics. Science, 2015. 349711-716. DOI:10.1126/science.aab3642http://doi.org/10.1126/science.aab3642.

H. S. Zhong, 等. Quantum computational advantage using photons. Science, 2020. 3701460-1463. DOI:10.1126/science.abe8770http://doi.org/10.1126/science.abe8770.

A. Politi, 等. Silica-on-silicon waveguide quantum circuits. Science, 2008. 320646-649. DOI:10.1126/science.1155441http://doi.org/10.1126/science.1155441.

T. C. Ralph. Boson sampling on a chip. Nat. Photonics, 2013. 7514-515. DOI:10.1038/nphoton.2013.175http://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2013.175.

B. J. Metcalf, 等. Quantum teleportation on a photonic chip. Nat. Photonics, 2014. 8770-774. DOI:10.1038/nphoton.2014.217http://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2014.217.

B. J. Metcalf, 等. Multiphoton quantum interference in a multiport integrated photonic device. Nat. Commun., 2013. 41356DOI:10.1038/ncomms2349http://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2349.

S. Mukherjee, M. C. Rechtsman. Observation of Floquet solitons in a topological bandgap. Science, 2020. 368856-859. DOI:10.1126/science.aba8725http://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba8725.

L. J. Maczewsky, 等. Nonlinearity-induced photonic topological insulator. Science, 2020. 370701-704. DOI:10.1126/science.abd2033http://doi.org/10.1126/science.abd2033.

J. Noh, 等. Braiding photonic topological zero modes. Nat. Phys., 2020. 16989-993. DOI:10.1038/s41567-020-1007-5http://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-020-1007-5.

L. J. Maczewsky, 等. Fermionic time-reversal symmetry in a photonic topological insulator. Nat. Mater., 2020. 19855-860. DOI:10.1038/s41563-020-0641-8http://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-020-0641-8.

S. Weidemann, 等. Topological funneling of light. Science, 2020. 368311-314. DOI:10.1126/science.aaz8727http://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz8727.

G. D. Valle, R. Osellame, P. Laporta. Micromachining of photonic devices by femtosecond laser pulses. J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt., 2009. 11013001DOI:10.1088/1464-4258/11/1/013001http://doi.org/10.1088/1464-4258/11/1/013001.

K. Sugioka, Y. Cheng. Ultrafast lasers-reliable tools for advanced materials processing. Light.: Sci. Appl., 2014. 3e149DOI:10.1038/lsa.2014.30http://doi.org/10.1038/lsa.2014.30.

A. J. Menssen, 等. Photonic topological mode bound to a vortex. Phys. Rev. Lett., 2020. 125117401DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.117401http://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.117401.

M. Tillmann, 等. Experimental boson sampling. Nat. Photonics, 2013. 7540-544. DOI:10.1038/nphoton.2013.102http://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2013.102.

A. Seri, 等. Quantum storage of frequency-multiplexed heralded single photons. Phys. Rev. Lett., 2019. 123080502DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.080502http://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.080502.

C. Antón, 等. Interfacing scalable photonic platforms: solid-state based multi-photon interference in a reconfigurable glass chip. Optica, 2019. 61471-1477. DOI:10.1364/OPTICA.6.001471http://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.6.001471.

A. Crespi, 等. Experimental investigation of quantum decay at short, intermediate, and long times via integrated photonics. Phys. Rev. Lett., 2019. 122130401DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.130401http://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.130401.

E. Polino, 等. Experimental multiphase estimation on a chip. Optica, 2019. 6288-295. DOI:10.1364/OPTICA.6.000288http://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.6.000288.

S. Atzeni, 等. Integrated sources of entangled photons at the telecom wavelength in femtosecond-laser-written circuits. Optica, 2018. 5311-314. DOI:10.1364/OPTICA.5.000311http://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.5.000311.

D. Wu, 等. Hybrid femtosecond laser microfabrication to achieve true 3D glass/polymer composite biochips with multiscale features and high performance: the concept of ship-in-a-bottle biochip. Laser Photonics Rev., 2014. 8458-467. DOI:10.1002/lpor.201400005http://doi.org/10.1002/lpor.201400005.

Y. L. Hu, 等. All-glass 3D optofluidic microchip with built-in tunable microlens fabricated by femtosecond laser-assisted etching. Adv. Optical Mater., 2018. 61701299DOI:10.1002/adom.201701299http://doi.org/10.1002/adom.201701299.

D. Z. Wei, 等. Experimental demonstration of a three-dimensional lithium niobate nonlinear photonic crystal. Nat. Photonics, 2018. 12596-600. DOI:10.1038/s41566-018-0240-2http://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-018-0240-2.

D. Wu, 等. High-performance unidirectional manipulation of microdroplets by horizontal vibration on femtosecond laser-induced slant microwall arrays. Adv. Mater., 2020. 322005039DOI:10.1002/adma.202005039http://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202005039.

A. Ródenas, 等. Three-dimensional femtosecond laser nanolithography of crystals. Nat. Photonics, 2019. 13105-109. DOI:10.1038/s41566-018-0327-9http://doi.org/10.1038/s41566-018-0327-9.

Y. Nasu, M. Kohtoku, Y. Hibino. Low-loss waveguides written with a femtosecond laser for flexible interconnection in a planar light-wave circuit. Opt. Lett., 2005. 30723-725. DOI:10.1364/OL.30.000723http://doi.org/10.1364/OL.30.000723.

R. R. Thomson, 等. Ultrafast laser inscription of an integrated photonic lantern. Opt. Express, 2011. 195698-5705. DOI:10.1364/OE.19.005698http://doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.005698.

D. G. MacLachlan, 等. Development of integrated mode reformatting components for diffraction-limited spectroscopy. Opt. Lett., 2016. 4176-79. DOI:10.1364/OL.41.000076http://doi.org/10.1364/OL.41.000076.

R. Stoian, J. P. Colombier. Advances in ultrafast laser structuring of materials at the nanoscale. Nanophotonics, 2020. 94665-4688. DOI:10.1515/nanoph-2020-0310http://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2020-0310.

Z. S. Hou, 等. UV–NIR femtosecond laser hybrid lithography for efficient printing of complex on-chip waveguides. Opt. Lett., 2020. 451862-1865. DOI:10.1364/OL.386861http://doi.org/10.1364/OL.386861.

Z. S. Hou, 等. On-chip polarization rotators. Adv. Optical Mater., 2019. 71900129DOI:10.1002/adom.201900129http://doi.org/10.1002/adom.201900129.

M. Gündoǧan, 等. Quantum storage of a photonic polarization qubit in a solid. Phys. Rev. Lett., 2012. 108190504DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.190504http://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.190504.

F. Yaman, 等. 10 x 112Gb/s PDM-QPSK transmission over 5032 km in few-mode fibers. Opt. Express, 2010. 1821342-21349. DOI:10.1364/OE.18.021342http://doi.org/10.1364/OE.18.021342.

J. S. Tyo, 等. Review of passive imaging polarimetry for remote sensing applications. Appl. Opt., 2006. 455453-5469. DOI:10.1364/AO.45.005453http://doi.org/10.1364/AO.45.005453.

A. Melikyan, P. Dong. Adiabatic mode converters for silicon photonics: power and polarization broadband manipulators. APL Photonics, 2019. 4030803DOI:10.1063/1.5080247http://doi.org/10.1063/1.5080247.

X. Xiong, 等. Integrated polarization rotator/converter by stimulated Raman adiabatic passage. Opt. Express, 2013. 2117097-17107. DOI:10.1364/OE.21.017097http://doi.org/10.1364/OE.21.017097.

D. O. Dzibrou, J. J. G. M. Van Der Tol, M. K. Smit. Improved fabrication process of low-loss and efficient polarization converters in InP-based photonic integrated circuits. Opt. Lett., 2013. 381061-1063. DOI:10.1364/OL.38.001061http://doi.org/10.1364/OL.38.001061.

Y. H. Ding, H. Y. Ou, C. Peucheret. Wideband polarization splitter and rotator with large fabrication tolerance and simple fabrication process. Opt. Lett., 2013. 381227-1229. DOI:10.1364/OL.38.001227http://doi.org/10.1364/OL.38.001227.

H. J. Zhang, 等. Efficient and broadband polarization rotator using horizontal slot waveguide for silicon photonics. Appl. Phys. Lett., 2012. 101021105DOI:10.1063/1.4734640http://doi.org/10.1063/1.4734640.

D. X. Dai, J. E. Bowers. Novel ultra-short and ultra-broadband polarization beam splitter based on a bent directional coupler. Opt. Express, 2011. 1918614-18620. DOI:10.1364/OE.19.018614http://doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.018614.

E. J. Stanton, 等. On-chip polarization rotator for type Ⅰ second harmonic generation. APL Photonics, 2019. 4126105DOI:10.1063/1.5122775http://doi.org/10.1063/1.5122775.

L. A. Fernandes, 等. Femtosecond laser writing of waveguide retarders in fused silica for polarization control in optical circuits. Opt. Express, 2011. 1918294-18301. DOI:10.1364/OE.19.018294http://doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.018294.

L. A. Fernandes, 等. Stress induced birefringence tuning in femtosecond laser fabricated waveguides in fused silica. Opt. Express, 2012. 2024103-24114. DOI:10.1364/OE.20.024103http://doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.024103.

G. Corrielli, 等. Rotated waveplates in integrated waveguide optics. Nat. Commun., 2014. 54249DOI:10.1038/ncomms5249http://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5249.

D. X. Dai, Y. B. Tang, J. E. Bowers. Mode conversion in tapered submicron silicon ridge optical waveguides. Opt. Express, 2012. 2013425-13439. DOI:10.1364/OE.20.013425http://doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.013425.

Y. F. Fu, 等. Efficient adiabatic silicon-on-insulator waveguide taper. Photonics Res., 2014. 2A41-A44. DOI:10.1364/PRJ.2.000A41http://doi.org/10.1364/PRJ.2.000A41.

M. Heinrich, 等. Supersymmetric mode converters. Nat. Commun., 2014. 53698DOI:10.1038/ncomms4698http://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4698.

L. T. Feng, 等. On-chip coherent conversion of photonic quantum entanglement between different degrees of freedom. Nat. Commun., 2016. 711985DOI:10.1038/ncomms11985http://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11985.

R. Heilmann, 等. Tapering of femtosecond laser-written waveguides. Appl. Opt., 2018. 57377-381. DOI:10.1364/AO.57.000377http://doi.org/10.1364/AO.57.000377.

J. Guan, 等. Hybrid laser written waveguides in fused silica for low loss and polarization independence. Opt. Express, 2017. 254845-4859. DOI:10.1364/OE.25.004845http://doi.org/10.1364/OE.25.004845.

H. Mellah, 等. Fabrication of a LP01 to LP02 mode converter embedded in bulk glass using femtosecond direct inscription. Opt. Commun., 2018. 410475-478. DOI:10.1016/j.optcom.2017.10.054http://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2017.10.054.

S. Gross, M. J. Withford. Ultrafast-laser-inscribed 3D integrated photonics: challenges and emerging applications. Nanophotonics, 2015. 4332-352. DOI:10.1515/nanoph-2015-0020http://doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2015-0020.

Fuerbach, A. et al. Refractive index change mechanisms in different glasses induced by femtosecond laser irradiation. In Pacific Rim Laser Damage 2016: Optical Materials for High-Power Lasers, Vol. 9983, 14–20, https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2237368https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2237368 (SPIE, Yokohama, Japan, 2016).

T. T. Fernandez, 等. Controlling plasma distributions as driving forces for ion migration during fs laser writing. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 2015. 48155101DOI:10.1088/0022-3727/48/15/155101http://doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/48/15/155101.

M. J. Booth. Wavefront sensorless adaptive optics for large aberrations. Opt. Lett., 2007. 325-7. DOI:10.1364/OL.32.000005http://doi.org/10.1364/OL.32.000005.

M. J. Booth. Wave front sensor-less adaptive optics: a model-based approach using sphere packings. Opt. Express, 2006. 141339-1352. DOI:10.1364/OE.14.001339http://doi.org/10.1364/OE.14.001339.

N. Bisch, 等. Adaptive optics aberration correction for deep direct laser written waveguides in the heating regime. Appl. Phys. A, 2019. 125364DOI:10.1007/s00339-019-2635-4http://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-019-2635-4.

M. Born, E. Wolf. Principles of Optics, Cambridge University, 1959.

N. Barré, 等. Tomographic refractive index profiling of direct laser written waveguides. Opt. Express, 2021. 2935414-35425. DOI:10.1364/OE.434846http://doi.org/10.1364/OE.434846.

T. Meany, 等. Towards low-loss lightwave circuits for non-classical optics at 800 and 1, 550 nm. Appl. Phys. A, 2014. 114113-118. DOI:10.1007/s00339-013-8090-8http://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-013-8090-8.

A. B. U'Ren, 等. Efficient conditional preparation of high-fidelity single photon states for fiber-optic quantum networks. Phys. Rev. Lett., 2004. 93093601DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.093601http://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.093601.

G. Triginer, 等. Understanding high-gain twin-beam sources using cascaded stimulated emission. Phys. Rev. X, 2020. 10031063.

G. Harder, 等. Single-mode parametric-down-conversion states with 50 photons as a source for mesoscopic quantum optics. Phys. Rev. Lett., 2016. 116143601DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.143601http://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.143601.

G. S. Thekkadath, 等. Quantum-enhanced interferometry with large heralded photon-number states. npj Quantum Inf., 2020. 689DOI:10.1038/s41534-020-00320-yhttp://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-020-00320-y.

G. S. Thekkadath, 等. Measuring the joint spectral mode of photon pairs using intensity interferometry. Phys. Rev. Lett., 2022. 128023601DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.023601http://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.023601.

C. C. Kores, 等. Quasi-phase matched second harmonic generation in periodically poled Rb-doped KTiOPO4 ridge waveguide. Opt. Express, 2018. 2633142-33147. DOI:10.1364/OE.26.033142http://doi.org/10.1364/OE.26.033142.

M. F. Volk, 等. Fabrication of low-loss Rb-exchanged ridge waveguides in z-cut KTiOPO4. Optical Mater. Express, 2018. 882-87. DOI:10.1364/OME.8.000082http://doi.org/10.1364/OME.8.000082.

C. Eigner, 等. Periodically poled ridge waveguides in KTP for second harmonic generation in the UV regime. Opt. Express, 2018. 2628827-28833. DOI:10.1364/OE.26.028827http://doi.org/10.1364/OE.26.028827.

J. M. Kahn. Introduction to Optical Fiber Communications, Lecture 3: Wave Optics Description of Optical Fibers, Stanford University, 2006.

A. Patel, 等. Millimeter-wave TE01–TE11–HE11 mode converter using overmoded circular waveguide. J. Electromagn. Waves Appl., 2018. 321768-1778. DOI:10.1080/09205071.2018.1468286http://doi.org/10.1080/09205071.2018.1468286.

Z. W. Wu, 等. A TE01 mode generator for testing high power transmission devices. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 2013. 84114702DOI:10.1063/1.4827083http://doi.org/10.1063/1.4827083.

M. R. Watts, H. A. Haus. Integrated mode-evolution-based polarization rotators. Opt. Lett., 2005. 30138-140. DOI:10.1364/OL.30.000138http://doi.org/10.1364/OL.30.000138.

A. W. Snyder, J. D. Love. Optical Waveguide Theory, Chapman and Hall, 1983.

S. M. Eaton, 等. High refractive index contrast in fused silica waveguides by tightly focused, high-repetition rate femtosecond laser. J. Non-Crystalline Solids, 2011. 3572387-2391. DOI:10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2010.11.082http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2010.11.082.

E. Hecht, A. Zajac. Optics, Addison Wesley, 1974.

B. S. Sun, P. S. Salter, M. J. Booth. Effects of aberrations in spatiotemporal focusing of ultrashort laser pulses. J. Optical Soc. Am. A, 2014. 31765-772. DOI:10.1364/JOSAA.31.000765http://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.31.000765.

B. S. Sun, P. S. Salter, M. J. Booth. Effects of sample dispersion on ultrafast laser focusing. J. Optical Soc. Am. B, 2015. 321272-1280. DOI:10.1364/JOSAB.32.001272http://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.32.001272.

Views

Downloads

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

Submit

Tools

Publicity Resources

No data

Related Author

No data

Related Institution

No data

⁰