Extending the dynamic temperature range of Boltzmann thermometers

Thomas Pieter van Swieten; Jesse Merlijn Steenhoff; Auke Vlasblom; Ravi de Berg; Sam Pieter Mattern; Freddy Teunis Rabouw; Markus Suta; Andries Meijerink

doi:10.1038/s41377-022-01028-8

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Extending the dynamic temperature range of Boltzmann thermometers

Original Articles

- Extending the dynamic temperature range of Boltzmann thermometers
- Light: Science & Applications Vol. 11, Issue 12, Pages: 3069-3079(2022)
- Affiliations：
  
  1.Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC, Utrecht, The Netherlands
  2.Inorganic Photoactive Materials, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Author bio：
  
  Markus Suta (markus.suta@hhu.de)
  Andries Meijerink (a.meijerink@uu.nl)
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1038/s41377-022-01028-8
  CLC：
- Published：31 December 2022，
  
  Published Online：08 December 2022，
  
  Received：04 August 2022，
  
  Revised：19 October 2022，
  
  Accepted：25 October 2022
- Accepted：
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van Swieten, T. P. et al. Extending the dynamic temperature range of Boltzmann thermometers. Light: Science & Applications, 11, 3069-3079 (2022).
DOI：

van Swieten, T. P. et al. Extending the dynamic temperature range of Boltzmann thermometers. Light: Science & Applications, 11, 3069-3079 (2022). DOI： 10.1038/s41377-022-01028-8.

摘要

Abstract

Lanthanide-doped (nano)crystals are an important class of materials in luminescence thermometry. The working mechanism of these thermometers is diverse but most often relies on variation of the ratio of emission intensities from two thermally coupled excited states with temperature. At low temperatures

nonradiative coupling between the states can be slow compared to radiative decay

but

at higher temperatures

the two states reach thermal equilibrium due to faster nonradiative coupling. In thermal equilibrium

the intensity ratio follows Boltzmann statistics

which gives a convenient model to calibrate the thermometer. Here

we investigate multiple strategies to shift the onset of thermal equilibrium to lower temperatures

which enables Boltzmann thermometry in a wider dynamic range. We use Eu

-doped microcrystals as a model system and find that the nonradiative coupling rates increase for host lattices with higher vibrational energies and shorter lanthanide–ligand distances

which reduces the onset temperature of thermal equilibrium by more than 400 K. We additionally reveal that thermometers with excited states coupled by electric-dipole transitions have lower onset temperatures than those with magnetic-dipole-coupled states due to selection rules. These insights provide essential guidelines for the optimization of Boltzmann thermometers to operate in an extended temperature range.

关键词

Keywords

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