Advanced liquid crystal-based switchable optical devices for light protection applications: principles and strategies

Ruicong Zhang; Zhibo Zhang; Jiecai Han; Lei Yang; Jiajun li; Zicheng Song; Tianyu Wang; Jiaqi Zhu

doi:10.1038/s41377-022-01032-y

Go to Nature Website

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

Advanced liquid crystal-based switchable optical devices for light protection applications: principles and strategies

Review

- Advanced liquid crystal-based switchable optical devices for light protection applications: principles and strategies
- Light: Science & Applications Vol. 12, Issue 4, Pages: 512-541(2023)
- Affiliations：
  
  1.National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
  2.Research Center of Analysis and Measurement, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
  3.School of Energy Science & Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
  4.Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Micro-structures Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150080, China
- Author bio：
  
  Tianyu Wang (tianyu_wang@hit.edu.cn)
  Jiaqi Zhu (zhujq@hit.edu.cn)
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1038/s41377-022-01032-y
  CLC：
- Published：30 April 2023，
  
  Published Online：3 January 2023，
  
  Received：26 April 2022，
  
  Revised：18 September 2022，
  
  Accepted：1 November 2022
Scan for full text
Zhang, R. C.et al. Advanced liquid crystal-based switchable optical devices for light protection applications: principles and strategies.Light: Science & Applications,12, 512-541 (2023).
DOI：

Zhang, R. C.et al. Advanced liquid crystal-based switchable optical devices for light protection applications: principles and strategies.Light: Science & Applications,12, 512-541 (2023). DOI： 10.1038/s41377-022-01032-y.

摘要

Abstract

With the development of optical technologies

transparent materials that provide protection from light have received considerable attention from scholars. As important channels for external light

windows play a vital role in the regulation of light in buildings

vehicles

and aircrafts. There is a need for windows with switchable optical properties to prevent or attenuate damage or interference to the human eye and light-sensitive instruments by inappropriate optical radiation. In this context

liquid crystals (LCs)

owing to their rich responsiveness and unique optical properties

have been considered among the best candidates for advanced light protection materials. In this review

we provide an overview of advances in research on LC-based methods for protection against light. First

we introduce the characteristics of different light sources and their protection requirements. Second

we introduce several classes of light modulation principles based on liquid crystal materials and demonstrate the feasibility of using them for light protection. In addition

we discuss current light protection strategies based on liquid crystal materials for different applications. Finally

we discuss the problems and shortcomings of current strategies. We propose several suggestions for the development of liquid crystal materials in the field of light protection.

关键词

Keywords

references

Cinzano, P., Falchi, F. & Elvidge, C. D. The first world atlas of the artificial night sky brightness.Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc.328, 689–707 (2001).

Hölker, F. et al. The dark side of light: a transdisciplinary research agenda for light pollution policy.Ecol. Soc.15, 13 (2010).

Hölker, F. et al. Light pollution as a biodiversity threat.Trends Ecol. Evol.25, 681–682 (2010).

Wang, L. Self-activating liquid crystal devices for smart laser protection.Liq. Cryst.43, 2062–2078 (2016).

Gosling, D. B., O'Hagan, J. B. & Quhill, F. M. Blue laser induced retinal injury in a commercial pilot at 1300 ft.Aerosp. Med. Hum. Perform.87, 69–70 (2016).

Liu, Z. W., Zhang, B. & Chen, Y. Recent progress in two-dimensional nanomaterials for laser protection.Chemistry1, 17–43 (2019).

Williamson, C. A. & McLin, L. N. Determination of a laser eye dazzle safety framework.J. Laser Appl.30, 032010 (2018).

Goto, E. et al. Impaired functional visual acuity of dry eye patients.Am. J. Ophthalmol.133, 181–186 (2002).

Marshall, J., O'Hagan, J. B. & Tyrer, J. Eye hazards of laser 'pointers' in perspective.Br. J. Ophthalmol.100, 583–584 (2016).

Murata, K. et al. Central nervous system effects and visual fatigue in VDT workers.Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health63, 109–113 (1991).

Morita, Y. et al. Effect of heat-killedLactobacillus paracaseiKW3110 ingestion on ocular disorders caused by visual display terminal (VDT) loads: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel-group study.Nutrients10, 1058 (2018).

Vila, N. et al. Blue-light filtering alters angiogenic signaling in human retinal pigmented epithelial cells culture model.BMC Ophthalmol.17, 198 (2017).

Ouyang, X. L. et al. Mechanisms of blue light-induced eye hazard and protective measures: a review.Biomed. Pharmacother.130, 110577 (2020).

Xing, Q. et al. Structures of chaperone-substrate complexes docked onto the export gate in a type III secretion system.Nat. Commun.9, 1773 (2018).

Barrios, D. et al. Toward a quantitative model for suspended particle devices: optical scattering and absorption coefficients.Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells111, 115–122 (2013).

Lampert, C. M. Large-area smart glass and integrated photovoltaics.Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells76, 489–499 (2003).

Cupelli, D. et al. Self-adjusting smart windows based on polymer-dispersed liquid crystals.Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells93, 2008–2012 (2009).

Khaligh, H. H. et al. Silver nanowire transparent electrodes for liquid crystal-based smart windows.Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells132, 337–341 (2015).

Khandelwal, H. et al. Electrically switchable polymer stabilised broadband infrared reflectors and their potential as smart windows for energy saving in buildings.Sci. Rep.5, 11773 (2015).

Kwon, H. K. et al. Optically switchable smart windows with integrated photovoltaic devices.Adv. Energy Mater.5, 1401347 (2015).

Liang, X. et al. A temperature and electric field-responsive flexible smart film with full broadband optical modulation.Mater. Horiz.4, 878–884 (2017).

Murray, J., Ma, D. K. & Munday, J. N. Electrically controllable light trapping for self-powered switchable solar windows.ACS Photonics4, 1–7 (2017).

Sun, Y. J. et al. Effects of functionality of thiol monomer on electro-optical properties of polymer-dispersed liquid crystal films.Liq. Cryst.44, 1086–1092 (2017).

Wang, L., Urbas, A. M. & Li, Q. Nature‐inspired emerging chiral liquid crystal nanostructures: from molecular self‐assembly to DNA mesophase and nanocolloids.Adv. Mater.32, 1801335 (2020).

Wang, L. et al. Stimuli-directed self-organized chiral superstructures for adaptive windows enabled by mesogen-functionalized graphene.Mater. Today20, 230–237 (2017).

Moon, H. C. et al. Multicolored, low-power, flexible electrochromic devices based on ion gels.ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces8, 6252–6260 (2016).

Oh, H. et al. Voltage-tunable multicolor, sub-1.5 V, flexible electrochromic devices based on ion gels.ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces9, 7658–7665 (2017).

Runnerstrom, E. L. et al. Nanostructured electrochromic smart windows: traditional materials and NIR-selective plasmonic nanocrystals.Chem. Commun.50, 10555–10572 (2014).

Yeh, M. H. et al. Motion-driven electrochromic reactions for self-powered smart window system.ACS Nano9, 4757–4765 (2015).

Wang, L. & Li, Q. Photochromism into nanosystems: towards lighting up the future nanoworld.Chem. Soc. Rev.47, 1044–1097 (2018).

Wang, Y., Runnerstrom, E. L. & Milliron, D. J. Switchable materials for smart windows.Annu. Rev. Chem. Biomolecular Eng.7, 283–304 (2016).

Wu, L. Y. L. et al. Sol-gel based photochromic coating for solar responsive smart window.Surf. Coat. Technol.320, 601–607 (2017).

Gao, Y. F. et al. Nanoceramic VO2thermochromic smart glass: a review on progress in solution processing.Nano Energy1, 221–246 (2012).

Kim, H. et al. Flexible thermochromic window based on hybridized VO2/graphene.ACS Nano7, 5769–5776 (2013).

Park, J. Y. et al. PDMS-paraffin/graphene laminated films with electrothermally switchable haze.Carbon96, 805–811 (2016).

Singh, A. K. et al. Fabrication of solar and electrically adjustable large area smart windows for indoor light and heat modulation.J. Mater. Chem. C.5, 5917–5922 (2017).

Zhang, J. S. et al. Hydrothermal growth of VO2nanoplate thermochromic films on glass with high visible transmittance.Sci. Rep.6, 27898 (2016).

Jensen, J. et al. Development and manufacture of polymer‐based electrochromic devices.Adv. Funct. Mater.25, 2073–2090 (2015).

Yang, G. J. et al. Advances in nanomaterials for electrochromic devices.Chem. Soc. Rev.49, 8687–8720 (2020).

Kamalisarvestani, M. et al. Performance, materials and coating technologies of thermochromic thin films on smart windows.Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.26, 353–364 (2013).

Popov, N. et al. Thermotropic liquid crystal-assisted chemical and biological sensors.Materials11, 20 (2018).

Pelzl, G. & Weissflog, W. in Thermotropic Liquid Crystals: Recent Advances (ed. Ramamoorthy, A.) (Springer, 2007).

Bisoyi, H. K. & Li, Q. Liquid crystals: versatile self-organized smart soft materials.Chem. Rev.122, 4887–4926 (2022).

Besharat, F., Dehghan, A. A. & Faghih, A. R. Empirical models for estimating global solar radiation: a review and case study.Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.21, 798–821 (2013).

Omer, A. M. Energy, environment and sustainable development.Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.12, 2265–2300 (2008).

Rathod, A. P. S., Mittal, P. & Kumar, B. Analysis of factors affecting the solar radiation received by any region. 2016 International Conference on Emerging Trends in Communication Technologies (ETCT), Dehradun, 1–4 (IEEE, 2016).

Juzeniene, A. et al. Solar radiation and human health.Rep. Prog. Phys.74, 066701 (2011).

Sengupta, M. et al. The national solar radiation data base (NSRDB).Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.89, 51–60 (2018).

Behar-Cohen, F. et al. Light-emitting diodes (LED) for domestic lighting: any risks for the eye?Prog. Retinal Eye Res.30, 239–257 (2011).

Tao, J. X., Zhou, W. C. & Zhu, X. G. Mitochondria as potential targets and initiators of the blue light hazard to the retina.Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev.2019, 6435364 (2019).

Sen, Z. Solar Energy Fundamentals and Modeling Techniques: Atmosphere, Environment, Climate Change and Renewable Energy (Springer Science & Business Media, 2008).

Dinh, T. V. et al. A review on non-dispersive infrared gas sensors: Improvement of sensor detection limit and interference correction.Sens. Actuators B: Chem.231, 529–538 (2016).

Ogawa, T. et al. Pedestrian detection and tracking using in-vehicle lidar for automotive application. 2011 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV). Baden-Baden, Germany, 734–739 (IEEE, 2011).

Rogalski, A., Antoszewski, J. & Faraone, L. Third-generation infrared photodetector arrays.J. Appl. Phys.105, 091101 (2009).

Shao, X. M. et al. The influence of sunlight irradiation on the characteristics of InGaAs detectors. Proceedings of SPIE 9220, Infrared Sensors, Devices, and Applications IV. San Diego, California, 83–88 (SPIE, 2014).

Silberman, N. & Fergus, R. Indoor scene segmentation using a structured light sensor. 2011 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops (ICCV Workshops). Barcelona, Spain, 601–608 (IEEE, 2011).

Loonen, R. C. G. M. et al. Climate adaptive building shells: State-of-the-art and future challenges.Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.25, 483–493 (2013).

Abbondanzieri, E. A. et al. Direct observation of base-pair stepping by RNA polymerase.Nature438, 460–465 (2005).

Smith, S. B., Cui, Y. J. & Bustamante, C. Overstretching B-DNA: the elastic response of individual double-stranded and single-stranded DNA molecules.Science271, 795–799 (1996).

Webb, C. & Jones, J. Handbook of Laser Technology and Applications (Three- Volume Set) (CRC Press, 2003).

Pert, G. J. Output characteristics of amplified-stimulated-emission lasers.J. Optical Soc. Am. B11, 1425–1435 (1994).

Federal Aviation Administration athttps://www.faa.gov/about/initiatives/lasers/lawshttps://www.faa.gov/about/initiatives/lasers/laws(2021).

TNO. The Outdoor Use of Lasers and Other High Intensity Light Sources in Relation to Air Traffic Safety (TNO, 2009).

Thomas, R. J. et al. A procedure for laser hazard classification under the Z136.1-2000 American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers.J. Laser Appl.14, 57–66 (2002).

Smith, J. F. et al. Are you a laser product manufacturer?: Interpretation of the FDA regulations applicable to laser product manufacturers.J. Laser Appl.13, 150–153 (2001).

Schulmeister, K. The new edition of the international laser product safety standard IEC 60825-1 (White paper) (2017).

Svensson, S. et al. Countering laser pointer threats to road safety. Proceedings of SPIE 6402, Optics and Photonics for Counterterrorism and Crime Fighting II. Stockholm, Sweden, 41–48 (SPIE, 2006).

Yang D. K, & Wu S. T. Fundamentals of Liquid Crystal Devices (John Wiley & Sons, 2014).

Jiang, Y. F., Shin, Y. & Yang, D. K. Dual-mode switchable liquid-crystal window.Phys. Rev. Appl.12, 054037 (2019).

Dierking, I. Science of the present meets the life of the past.Liq. Cryst. Today25, 10–11 (2016).

Foglia, N. O. et al. Role of core electrons in quantum dynamics using TDDFT.J. Chem. Theory Comput.13, 77–85 (2017).

Seki, H., Uchida, T. & Shibata, Y. Dichroic dyes for guest-host liquid-crystal cells.Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst.138, 349–365 (1986).

Heilmeier, G. H. & Zanoni, L. A. Guest‐host interactions in nematic liquid crystals.Appl. Phys. Lett.13, 91–92 (1968).

Dorozhkina, G. N. et al. New PDLC-films doped by black dye.Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. Sci. Technol. Sect. A. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst.367, 277–286 (2001).

Heppke, G. et al. Colored and black liquid crystalline mixtures with new antraquinone dyes.Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst.94, 191–204 (1983).

Olifierczuk, M. & Zielinski, J. The contrast ratio in twisted nematic with black dichroic dye LCD.Synth. Met.109, 223–227 (2000).

Prudnikova, E., Umanskii, B. & Plyusnina, T. Synthesis of new dichroic dyes with negative dichroism for a black mixture.Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. Sci. Technol. Sect. A. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst.332, 37–41 (1999).

Bahadur, B. Liquid Crystals: Applications and Uses (World Scientific, 1990).

Deshmukh, R. R. & Malik, M. K. Effect of dichroic dye on phase separation kinetics and electro-optical characteristics of polymer dispersed liquid crystals.J. Phys. Chem. Solids74, 215–224 (2013).

Hsiao, Y. C. et al. Preparation and characterization of PDLC films formed using a two‐step procedure.Adv. Polym. Technol.26, 14–20 (2007).

Kłosowicz, S. J. & Aleksander, M. Effect of polymer-dispersed liquid crystal morphology on its optical performance.Opto-Electron. Rev.12, 305–312 (2004).

Kumar, P., Sharma, V. & Raina, K. K. Studies on inter-dependency of electrooptic characteristics of orange azo and blue anthraquinone dichroic dye doped polymer dispersed liquid crystals.J. Mol. Liq.251, 407–416 (2018).

Li, W. B. et al. Effects of the structures of polymerizable monomers on the electro‐optical properties of UV cured polymer dispersed liquid crystal films.J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys.46, 1369–1375 (2008).

Malik, P. & Raina, K. K. Dichroic dye-dependent studies in guest–host polymer-dispersed liquid crystal films.Phys. B Condens. Matter405, 161–166 (2010).

West, J. L., Ondris-Crawford, R. & Erdmann, M. A. Dichroic dye containing polymer-dispersed liquid crystal films. Proceedings of SPIE 1257, Liquid Crystal Displays and Applications. Santa Clara, CA, 76–83 (SPIE, 1990).

Huh, J. W. et al. Ion-doped liquid-crystal cell with low opaque-state specular transmittance based on electro-hydrodynamic effect.Dyes Pigments150, 16–20 (2018).

Li, B. X. et al. Dye-doped dual-frequency nematic cells as fast-switching polarization-independent shutters.Opt. Express27, 3861–3866 (2019).

Yu, B. H. et al. Light shutter using dichroic-dye-doped long-pitch cholesteric liquid crystals.Opt. Express21, 29332–29337 (2013).

Hartland, G. V. et al. What's so hot about electrons in metal nanoparticles?ACS Energy Lett.2, 1641–1653 (2017).

Tesler, A. B. et al. Tunable localized plasmon transducers prepared by thermal dewetting of percolated evaporated gold films.J. Phys. Chem. C.115, 24642–24652 (2011).

Yablonovitch, E. & Cody, G. D. Intensity enhancement in textured optical sheets for solar cells.IEEE Trans. Electron Devices29, 300–305 (1982).

Brochard, F. & De Gennes, P. G. Theory of magnetic suspensions in liquid crystals.J. Phys.31, 691–708 (1970).

Bukowczan, A., Hebda, E. & Pielichowski, K. The influence of nanoparticles on phase formation and stability of liquid crystals and liquid crystalline polymers.J. Mol. Liq.321, 114849 (2021).

Gao, R. Q. L. et al. Antimony doped tin oxide infrared shielding films for cooling silicon solar cells. in Advanced Functional Materials (ed. Han, Y. F.) 817–829 (Springer, 2018).

Garcia, G. et al. Dynamically modulating the surface Plasmon resonance of doped semiconductor nanocrystals.Nano Lett.11, 4415–4420 (2011).

Tan, Q. et al. Preparation of stable aqueous suspensions of antimony-doped tin oxide nanoparticles used for transparent and thermal insulation fluorocarbon coating.Colloid Polym. Sci.292, 3233–3241 (2014).

Kim, H. N. & Yang, S. Responsive smart windows from nanoparticle–polymer composites.Adv. Funct. Mater.30, 1902597 (2020).

Jiang, G. Q. et al. Gold nanorods dispersed in homopolymer films: optical properties controlled by self-assembly and percolation of nanorods.ACS Nano6, 1578–1588 (2012).

Liu, Q. K. et al. Self-alignment of plasmonic gold nanorods in reconfigurable anisotropic fluids for tunable bulk metamaterial applications.Nano Lett.10, 1347–1353 (2010).

Stebe, K. J., Lewandowski, E. & Ghosh, M. Oriented assembly of metamaterials.Science325, 159–160 (2009).

Xue, C. M. et al. Photomodulated self-assembly of hydrophobic thiol monolayer-protected gold nanorods and their alignment in thermotropic liquid crystal.J. Phys. Chem. C.117, 21603–21608 (2013).

Moran, M. J. et al. Driving a liquid crystal phase transition using a photochromic hydrazone.J. Am. Chem. Soc.140, 13623–13627 (2018).

Sheetah, G. H. et al. Electric switching of visible and infrared transmission using liquid crystals co-doped with plasmonic gold nanorods and dichroic dyes.Opt. Express26, 22264–22272 (2018).

Manias, E. et al. Polypropylene/Montmorillonite Nanocomposites. Review of the synthetic routes and materials properties.Chem. Mater.13, 3516–3523 (2001).

Stelzig, S. H., Klapper, M. & Müllen, K. A simple and efficient route to transparent nanocomposites.Adv. Mater.20, 929–932 (2008).

Wen, J. Y. & Wilkes, G. L. Organic/inorganic hybrid network materials by the sol−gel approach.Chem. Mater.8, 1667–1681 (1996).

Choudhary, A., Singh, G. & Biradar, A. M. Advances in gold nanoparticle–liquid crystal composites.Nanoscale6, 7743–7756 (2014).

Prakash, J. et al. Metal oxide-nanoparticles and liquid crystal composites: a review of recent progress.J. Mol. Liq.297, 112052 (2020).

Friedel, G. Les états mésomorphes de la matière.Ann. Phys.9, 273–474 (1922).

Kelker, H. History of liquid crystals.Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst.21, 1–48 (1973).

Broer, D. J. et al. Photo‐induced diffusion in polymerizing chiral‐nematic media.Adv. Mater.11, 573–578 (1999).

Mulder, D. J., Schenning, A. P. H. J. & Bastiaansen, C. W. M. Chiral-nematic liquid crystals as one dimensional photonic materials in optical sensors.J. Mater. Chem. C.2, 6695–6705 (2014).

Ha, N. Y. et al. Fabrication of a simultaneous red–green–blue reflector using single-pitched cholesteric liquid crystals.Nat. Mater.7, 43–47 (2008).

Huang, Y. H., Zhou, Y. & Wu, S. T. Broadband circular polarizer using stacked chiral polymer films.Opt. Express15, 6414–6419 (2007).

Binet, C., Mitov, M. & Boudet, A. Bragg reflections in cholesteric liquid crystals: from selectivity to broadening and reciprocally.Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. Sci. Technol. Sect. A. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst.339, 111–123 (2000).

Boudet, A. et al. Microstructure of variable pitch cholesteric films and its relationship with the optical properties.Eur. Phys. J. E2, 247–253 (2000).

Mitov, M., Boudet, A. & Sopéna, P. From selective to wide-band light reflection: a simple thermal diffusion in a glassy cholesteric liquid crystal.Eur. Phys. J. B-Condens. Matter Complex Syst.8, 327–330 (1999).

Zografopoulos, D. C. et al. Theoretical and experimental optical studies of cholesteric liquid crystal films with thermally induced pitch gradients.Phys. Rev. E73, 061701 (2006).

Li, Y. N. Q. et al. Broadband cholesteric liquid crystal lens for chromatic aberration correction in catadioptric virtual reality optics.Opt. Express29, 6011–6020 (2021).

Hikmet, R. A. M. & Kemperman, H. Electrically switchable mirrors and optical components made from liquid-crystal gels.Nature392, 476–479 (1998).

Broer, D. J., Lub, J. & Mol, G. N. Photo‐controlled diffusion in reacting liquid crystals: a new tool for the creation of complex molecular architectures.Macromol. Symposia117, 33–42 (1997).

Broer, D. J., Lub, J. & Mol, G. N. Wide-band reflective polarizers from cholesteric polymer networks with a pitch gradient.Nature378, 467–469 (1995).

Broer, D. J. Deformed chiral-nematic networks obtained by polarized excitation of a dichroic photoinitiator.Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci.6, 553–561 (2002).

Lub, J. & Broer, D. J. & Van de Witte, P. Colourful photo-curable coatings for application in the electro-optical industry.Prog. Org. Coat.45, 211–217 (2002).

Lub, J. et al. Formation of optical films by photo-polymerisation of liquid crystalline acrylates and application of these films in liquid crystal display technology.Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst.429, 77–99 (2005).

Hu, X. W. et al. Pitch gradation by ion-dragging effect in polymer-stabilized cholesteric liquid crystal reflector device.Polymers12, 96 (2020).

Guo, J. B. et al. Effect of network concentration on the performance of polymer-stabilized cholesteric liquid crystals with a double-handed circularly polarized light reflection band.J. Phys. Chem. C.113, 16538–16543 (2009).

Jain, A. K. & Deshmukh, R. R. An overview of polymer-dispersed liquid crystals composite films and their applications. in Liquid Crystals and Display Technology (eds Ghamsari, M. S. & Carlescu, I.) 1–68 (IntechOpen, 2020).

Doane, J. W. et al. Field controlled light scattering from nematic microdroplets.Appl. Phys. Lett.48, 269–271 (1986).

Saeed, M. H. et al. Recent advances in the polymer dispersed liquid crystal composite and its applications.Molecules25, 5510 (2020).

Li, W. B. et al. Control of the microstructure of polymer network and effects of the microstructures on light scattering properties of UV‐cured polymer‐dispersed liquid crystal films.J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys.46, 2090–2099 (2008).

Drzaic, P. S. Reorientation dynamics of polymer dispersed nematic liquid crystal films.Liq. Cryst.3, 1543–1559 (1988).

Nicoletta, F. P. et al. Changes in the electro-optical properties of a PDLC system by monomer substitution.Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. Sci. Technol. Sect. A. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst.336, 93–99 (1999).

Wu, B. G., Erdmann, J. H. & Doane, J. W. Response times and voltages for PDLC light shutters.Liq. Cryst.5, 1453–1465 (1989).

Zhang, Y. et al. Effects of crosslinking agent/diluents/thiol on morphology of the polymer matrix and electro-optical properties of polymer-dispersed liquid crystal.Liq. Cryst.45, 728–735 (2018).

Li, C. X. et al. A study on the polymer structures and electro-optical properties of epoxy-mercaptan-based polymer dispersed liquid crystal films.Liq. Cryst.46, 1718–1726 (2019).

Ahmad, F., Luqman, M. & Jamil, M. Advances in the metal nanoparticles (MNPs) doped liquid crystals and polymer dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) composites and their applications-a review.Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst.731, 1–33 (2021).

Ji, Y. Y. et al. Terahertz birefringence anisotropy and relaxation effects in polymer-dispersed liquid crystal doped with gold nanoparticles.Opt. Express28, 17253–17265 (2020).

Mishra, K. K., Dubey, S. K. & Mani, S. A. Optical characterization of inorganic nanoparticles doped in polymer dispersed liquid crystal.Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst.647, 244–252 (2017).

Wu, Q. Q. & Wang, Y. Q. Low driving voltage ITO doped polymer-dispersed liquid crystal film and reverse voltage pulse driving method.Appl. Opt.56, 8159–8163 (2017).

Ma, Y. D., Wu, B. G. & Xu, G. Reverse-mode microdroplet liquid crystal display. Proceedings of SPIE 1257, Liquid Crystal Displays and Applications. Santa Clara, CA, 46–57 (SPIE, 1990).

Meng, C. L. et al. Normally transparent smart window with haze enhancement via inhomogeneous alignment surface.Liq. Cryst.46, 484–491 (2019).

Deng, Y. et al. High-efficiency responsive smart windows fabricated by carbon nanotubes modified by liquid crystalline polymers.Crystals11, 440 (2021).

Kakiuchida, H., Matsuyama, A. & Ogiwara, A. Normal-and reverse-mode thermoresponsive controllability in optical attenuation of polymer network liquid crystals.ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces11, 19404–19412 (2019).

Heilmeier, G. H., Zanoni, L. A. & Barton, L. A. Dynamic scattering in nematic liquid crystals.Appl. Phys. Lett.13, 46–47 (1968).

Zhang, B. R. & Kitzerow, H. Pattern formation in a nematic liquid crystal mixture with negative anisotropy of the electric conductivity- a long-known system with "inverse" light scattering revisited.J. Phys. Chem. B120, 6865–6871 (2016).

Koide, N. The Liquid Crystal Display Story: 50 Years of Liquid Crystal R & D that lead The Way to the Future (Springer Verlag, 2016).

Bodenschatz, E., Zimmermann, W. & Kramer, L. On electrically driven pattern-forming instabilities in planar nematics.J. Phys.49, 1875–1899 (1988).

Zhan, Y. Y. et al. Electrohydrodynamic instabilities for smart window applications.Liq. Cryst.47, 977–983 (2020).

Zhan, Y. Y. et al. Light‐driven electrohydrodynamic instabilities in liquid crystals.Adv. Funct. Mater.28, 1707436 (2018).

Perlmutter, S. H., Doroski, D. & Moddel, G. Degradation of liquid crystal device performance due to selective adsorption of ions.Appl. Phys. Lett.69, 1182–1184 (1996).

Xu, D. M. et al. Image sticking in liquid crystal displays with lateral electric fields.J. Appl. Phys.116, 193102 (2014).

Yoon, T. -H. et al. Control of the haze value by the electro-hydrodynamic effect in a liquid crystal cell. Proceedings of SPIE 10735, Liquid Crystals XXII, 107350S (SPIE, 2018).

Špirk, S. et al. Utilization of the validated windshield material model in simulation of tram to pedestrian collision.Materials14, 265 (2021).

Hu, X. W. et al. Stable and scalable smart window based on polymer stabilized liquid crystals.J. Appl. Polym. Sci.137, 48917 (2020).

Mitov, M. & Dessaud, N. Going beyond the reflectance limit of cholesteric liquid crystals.Nat. Mater.5, 361–364 (2006).

Shi, Z. Q. et al. Fabrication of dye-doped polymer-dispersed liquid crystals with low driving voltage based on nucleophile-initiated thiol-ene click reaction.Liq. Cryst.45, 579–585 (2018).

Bronnikov, S., Kostromin, S. & Zuev, V. Polymer-dispersed liquid crystals: progress in preparation, investigation, and application.J. Macromol. Sci. B52, 1718–1735 (2013).

Hsu, C. C. et al. Low switching voltage ZnO quantum dots doped polymer-dispersed liquid crystal film.Opt. Express24, 7063–7068 (2016).

Hu, J. M. et al. Combined effect of hydroxylated and fluorinated acrylate monomers on improving the electro-optical and mechanical performances of PDLC-films.Liq. Cryst.49, 769–779 (2022).

Jayoti, D., Malik, P. & Singh, A. Analysis of morphological behaviour and electro-optical properties of silica nanoparticles doped polymer dispersed liquid crystal composites.J. Mol. Liq.225, 456–461 (2017).

Satapathy, P. et al. Switchable smart windows using a biopolymer network of cellulose nanocrystals imposed on a nematic liquid crystal.Appl. Phys. Lett.117, 103702 (2020).

Madhuri, P. L. et al. Cochleate‐doped liquid crystal as switchable metamaterial window mediated by molecular orientation modified aggregation.Part. Part. Syst. Charact.37, 2000067 (2020).

Abdulhalim, I. et al. Novel easy to fabricate liquid crystal composite with potential for electrically or thermally controlled transparency windows.Opt. Express27, 17387–17401 (2019).

Pappu, L. M. et al. Voltage controlled scattering from porous silicon Mie-particles in liquid crystals.J. Mol. Liq.281, 108–116 (2019).

Chen, C. W. et al. Normally transparent smart window based on electrically induced instability in dielectrically negative cholesteric liquid crystal.Optical Mater. Express8, 691–697 (2018).

Katariya-Jain, A. & Deshmukh, R. R. Effects of dye doping on electro-optical, thermo-electro-optical and dielectric properties of polymer dispersed liquid crystal films.J. Phys. Chem. Solids160, 110363 (2022).

Heo, J., Huh, J. W. & Yoon, T. H. Fast-switching initially-transparent liquid crystal light shutter with crossed patterned electrodes.AIP Adv.5, 047118 (2015).

Li, Q. et al. Reversible photoswitchable axially chiral dopants with high helical twisting power.J. Am. Chem. Soc.129, 12908–12909 (2007).

Ma, J. et al. Light-driven nanoscale chiral molecular switch: reversible dynamic full range color phototuning.Chem. Commun.46, 3463–3465 (2010).

Wang, H. et al. Photochemically and thermally driven full‐color reflection in a self‐organized helical superstructure enabled by a halogen‐bonded chiral molecular switch.Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.57, 1627–1631 (2018).

Kim, M. et al. Fabrication of microcapsules for dye-doped polymer-dispersed liquid crystal-based smart windows.ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces7, 17904–17909 (2015).

Baliyan, V. K., Jeong, K. U. & Kang, S. W. Dichroic-dye-doped short pitch cholesteric liquid crystals for the application of electrically switchable smart windows.Dyes Pigments166, 403–409 (2019).

Madhuri, P. L. et al. Hybrid vanadium dioxide-liquid crystal tunable non-reciprocal scattering metamaterial smart window for visible and infrared radiation control.Optical Mater. Express11, 3023–3037 (2021).

Liang, X. et al. Dual-band modulation of visible and near-infrared light transmittance in an all-solution-processed hybrid micro–nano composite film.ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces9, 40810–40819 (2017).

Liang, X. et al. A roll-to-roll process for multi-responsive soft-matter composite films containing CsxWO3nanorods for energy-efficient smart window applications.Nanoscale Horiz.2, 319–325 (2017).

Zhang, Z. B. et al. Visible and infrared optical modulation of PSLC smart films doped with ATO nanoparticles.Dalton Trans.50, 10033–10040 (2021).

Kragt, A. J. J. et al. 'Smart' light‐reflective windows based on temperature responsive twisted nematic liquid crystal polymers.J. Polym. Sci.59, 1278–1284 (2021).

Kakiuchida, H. et al. Thermoresponsive reflective scattering of meso-scale phase separation structures of uniaxially orientation-ordered liquid crystals and reactive mesogens.ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces13, 41066–41074 (2021).

Oh, S. W. et al. Optical and thermal switching of liquid crystals for self‐shading windows.Adv. Sustain. Syst.2, 1700164 (2018).

Guo, S. M. et al. Preparation of a thermally light-transmittance-controllable film from a coexistent system of polymer-dispersed and polymer-stabilized liquid crystals.ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces9, 2942–2947 (2017).

McConney, M. E. et al. Thermally induced, multicolored hyper‐reflective cholesteric liquid crystals.Adv. Mater.23, 1453–1457 (2011).

Debije, M. G. & Verbunt, P. P. C. Thirty years of luminescent solar concentrator research: Solar energy for the built environment.Adv. Energy Mater.2, 12–35 (2012).

Xia, Y. et al. High‐efficiency and reliable smart photovoltaic windows enabled by multiresponsive liquid crystal composite films and semi‐transparent perovskite solar cells.Adv. Energy Mater.9, 1900720 (2019).

Lin, P. T. et al. UV stability of high birefirngence liquid crystals.Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst.411, 243–253 (2004).

Wen, C. H., Gauza, S. & Wu, S. T. Ultraviolet stability of liquid crystals containing cyano and isothiocyanato terminal groups.Liq. Cryst.31, 1479–1485 (2004).

Zhou, Y. F. et al. Harnessing the properties of colloidal quantum dots in luminescent solar concentrators.Chem. Soc. Rev.47, 5866–5890 (2018).

Garbovskiy, Y. & Glushchenko, I. Nano-objects and ions in liquid crystals: ion trapping effect and related phenomena.Crystals5, 501–533 (2015).

Garbovskiy, Y. Switching between purification and contamination regimes governed by the ionic purity of nanoparticles dispersed in liquid crystals.Appl. Phys. Lett.108, 121104 (2016).

Garbovskiy, Y. Electrical properties of liquid crystal nano-colloids analysed from perspectives of the ionic purity of nano-dopants.Liq. Cryst.43, 648–653 (2016).

Garbovskiy, Y. Kinetics of ion-capturing/ion-releasing processes in liquid crystal devices utilizing contaminated nanoparticles and alignment films.Nanomaterials8, 59 (2018).

Narayanan, T. S. N. S. et al. Electroless nanocomposite coatings: synthesis, characteristics, and applications. in Handbook of Nanoelectrochemistry: Electrochemical Synthesis Methods, Properties, and Characterization Techniques (eds Aliofkhazraei, M. & Makhlouf, A. S. H.) 1–23 (Springer, 2016).

Sudagar, J., Lian, J. S. & Sha, W. Electroless nickel, alloy, composite and Nano coatings-A critical review.J. Alloy. Compd.571, 183–204 (2013).

Poryvai, A. et al. Determination of optical purity of lactic acid-based chiral liquid crystals and corresponding building blocks by chiral high-performance liquid chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography.Molecules24, 1099 (2019).

Guo, J. B. et al. Electrothermal switching characteristics from a hydrogen-bonded polymer network structure in cholesteric liquid crystals with a double-handed circularly polarized light reflection band.J. Phys. Chem. B115, 861–868 (2011).

Chen, F. J. et al. Novel photo-polymerizable chiral hydrogen-bonded self-assembled complexes: preparation, characterization and the utilization as a thermal switching reflective color film.J. Mater. Chem.21, 8574–8582 (2011).

Li, Y. N. et al. Photodynamic chiral molecular switches with thermal stability: from reflection wavelength tuning to handedness inversion of self‐organized helical superstructures.Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.52, 13703–13707 (2013).

Li, Y. N. et al. Azoarenes with opposite chiral configurations: light‐driven reversible handedness inversion in self‐organized helical superstructures.Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.52, 8925–8929 (2013).

Wang, L. et al. Reversible near-infrared light directed reflection in a self-organized helical superstructure loaded with upconversion nanoparticles.J. Am. Chem. Soc.136, 4480–4483 (2014).

Khandelwal, H. et al. Electrically tunable infrared reflector with adjustable bandwidth broadening up to 1100 nm.J. Mater. Chem. A4, 6064–6069 (2016).

van Heeswijk, E. P. A. et al. Humidity-gated, temperature-responsive photonic infrared reflective broadband coatings.J. Mater. Chem. A7, 6113–6119 (2019).

Shibaev, P. V., Schaumburg, K. & Plaksin, V. Responsive chiral hydrogen-bonded polymer composites.Chem. Mater.14, 959–961 (2002).

Shibaev, P. V. et al. Color changing cholesteric polymer films sensitive to amino acids.Macromolecules39, 3986–3992 (2006).

Stumpel, J. E. et al. Stimuli‐responsive materials based on interpenetrating polymer liquid crystal hydrogels.Adv. Funct. Mater.25, 3314–3320 (2015).

Hu, W. et al. Thermally controllable reflective characteristics from rupture and self-assembly of hydrogen bonds in cholesteric liquid crystals.J. Phys. Chem. B113, 13882–13885 (2009).

He, Z. M. et al. Silicon nanostructure-doped polymer/nematic liquid crystal composites for low voltage-driven smart windows.Nanotechnology33, 085205 (2021).

Oh, S. W. et al. Optical and electrical switching of cholesteric liquid crystals containing azo dye.RSC Adv.7, 19497–19501 (2017).

Ghosh, A. & Norton, B. Optimization of PV powered SPD switchable glazing to minimise probability of loss of power supply.Renew. Energy131, 993–1001 (2019).

Wu, W. et al. Electrochromic metal oxides: recent progress and prospect.Adv. Electron. Mater.4, 1800185 (2018).

Cui, Y. Y. et al. Thermochromic VO2for energy-efficient smart windows.Joule2, 1707–1746 (2018).

Ghosh, A., Norton, B. & Duffy, A. Measured overall heat transfer coefficient of a suspended particle device switchable glazing.Appl. Energy159, 362–369 (2015).

Ghosh, A., Norton, B. & Duffy, A. First outdoor characterisation of a PV powered suspended particle device switchable glazing.Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells157, 1–9 (2016).

Ghosh, A. & Norton, B. Durability of switching behaviour after outdoor exposure for a suspended particle device switchable glazing.Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells163, 178–184 (2017).

Nundy, S. & Ghosh, A. Thermal and visual comfort analysis of adaptive vacuum integrated switchable suspended particle device window for temperate climate.Renew. Energy156, 1361–1372 (2020).

Zhao, Q. et al. Printing of WO3/ITO nanocomposite electrochromic smart windows.Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells194, 95–102 (2019).

Chang, T. C. et al. Optical design and stability study for ultrahigh-performance and long-lived vanadium dioxide-based thermochromic coatings.Nano Energy44, 256–264 (2018).

Panagopoulou, M. et al. Thermochromic performance of Mg-doped VO2thin films on functional substrates for glazing applications.Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells157, 1004–1010 (2016).

Qian, X. K. et al. Bioinspired multifunctional vanadium dioxide: improved thermochromism and hydrophobicity.Langmuir30, 10766–10771 (2014).

Zhan, Y. J. et al. Enhanced thermal stability and thermochromic properties of VOx-based thin films by room-temperature magnetron sputtering.Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells174, 102–111 (2018).

Zhang, J. et al. Mesoporous SiO2/VO2double-layer thermochromic coating with improved visible transmittance for smart window.Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells162, 134–141 (2017).

Zhang, W. X. et al. Easily processable temperature-responsive infrared-reflective polymer coatings.ACS Omega2, 3475–3482 (2017).

Zhou, Y. et al. Temperature-responsive hydrogel with ultra-large solar modulation and high luminous transmission for "smart window" applications.J. Mater. Chem. A2, 13550–13555 (2014).

Zhu, J. T. et al. Composite film of vanadium dioxide nanoparticles and ionic liquid–nickel–chlorine complexes with excellent visible thermochromic performance.ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces8, 29742–29748 (2016).

Chen, Y. X. et al. VO2/Nickel-bromine-ionic liquid composite film for thermochromic application.Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells196, 124–130 (2019).

Gao, Y. F. et al. Enhanced chemical stability of VO2nanoparticles by the formation of SiO2/VO2core/shell structures and the application to transparent and flexible VO2-based composite foils with excellent thermochromic properties for solar heat control.Energy Environ. Sci.5, 6104–6110 (2012).

Lin, J. et al. Thermochromic halide perovskite solar cells.Nat. Mater.17, 261–267 (2018).

Lu, Q. et al. Periodic micro-patterned VO2thermochromic films by mesh printing.J. Mater. Chem. C.4, 8385–8391 (2016).

Khandelwal, H., Schenning, A. P. H. J. & Debije, M. G. Infrared regulating smart window based on organic materials.Adv. Energy Mater.7, 1602209 (2017).

Wu, S. T. Absorption measurements of liquid crystals in the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared.J. Appl. Phys.84, 4462–4465 (1998).

Huang, J. H. et al. Simultaneous achievement of high visible transmission and near-infrared heat shielding in flexible liquid crystal-based smart windows via electrode design.Sol. Energy188, 857–864 (2019).

Views

Downloads

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

Submit

Tools

Publicity Resources

No data

Related Author

No data

Related Institution

No data

⁰