Photonic waveguide to free-space Gaussian beam extreme mode converter

Sangsik Kim; Daron A. Westly; Brian J. Roxworthy; Qing Li; Alexander Yulaev; Kartik Srinivasan; Vladimir A. Aksyuk

doi:10.1038/s41377-018-0073-2

Go to Nature Website

Your Location：

Home >

Browse articles >

Photonic waveguide to free-space Gaussian beam extreme mode converter

Original Articles

- Photonic waveguide to free-space Gaussian beam extreme mode converter
- Photonic waveguide to free-space Gaussian beam extreme mode converter
- 光：科学与应用 2018年7卷第6期页码：767-779
- Affiliations：
  
  1.Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
  2.Maryland Nanocenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
  3.Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
- Author bio：
  
  Vladimir A. Aksyuk (vladimir.aksyuk@nist.gov)
- Funds：
- DOI：10.1038/s41377-018-0073-2
  中图分类号：
Scan for full text
Sangsik Kim, Daron A. Westly, Brian J. Roxworthy, 等. Photonic waveguide to free-space Gaussian beam extreme mode converter[J]. 光：科学与应用, 2018,7(6):767-779.

Kim, S. et al. Photonic waveguide to free-space Gaussian beam extreme mode converter. Light: Science & Applications, 6, 767-779 (2018).
Sangsik Kim, Daron A. Westly, Brian J. Roxworthy, 等. Photonic waveguide to free-space Gaussian beam extreme mode converter[J]. 光：科学与应用, 2018,7(6):767-779. DOI： 10.1038/s41377-018-0073-2.

Kim, S. et al. Photonic waveguide to free-space Gaussian beam extreme mode converter. Light: Science & Applications, 6, 767-779 (2018). DOI： 10.1038/s41377-018-0073-2.

摘要

Abstract

Integration of photonic chips with millimeter-scale atomic, micromechanical, chemical, and biological systems can advance science and enable new miniaturized hybrid devices and technology. Optical interaction via small evanescent volumes restricts performance in applications such as gas spectroscopy, and a general ability to photonically access optical fields in large free-space volumes is desired. However, conventional inverse tapers and grating couplers do not directly scale to create wide, high-quality collimated beams for low-loss diffraction-free propagation over many millimeters in free space, necessitating additional bulky collimating optics and expensive alignment. Here, we develop an extreme mode converter, which is a compact planar photonic structure that efficiently couples a 300 nm × 250 nm silicon nitride high-index single-mode waveguide to a well-collimated near surface-normal Gaussian beam with an ≈160 µm waist, which corresponds to an increase in the modal area by a factor of ,>, 10,5,. The beam quality is thoroughly characterized, and propagation over 4 mm in free space and coupling back into a single-mode photonic waveguide with low loss via a separate identical mode converter is demonstrated. To achieve low phase error over a beam area that is ,>, 100× larger than that of a typical grating coupler, our approach separates the two-dimensional mode expansion into two sequential separately optimized stages, which create a fully expanded and well-collimated Gaussian slab mode before out-coupling it into free space. Developed at 780 nm for integration with chip-scale atomic vapor cell cavities, our design can be adapted for visible, telecommunication, or other wavelengths. The technique can be expanded to more arbitrary phase and intensity control of both large-diameter, free-space optical beams and wide photonic slab modes.

关键词

Keywords

references

Kitching, J. et al. NIST on a Chip: realizing SI units with microfabricated alkali vapour cells. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 723, 012056 (2016).

Hummon, M. et al. Photonic chip for laser stabilization to an atomic vapor with 10−11 instability. Optica 5, 443–449 (2018).

Mehta, K. K. et al. Integrated optical addressing of an ion qubit. Nat. Nanotechnol. 11, 1066–1070 (2016).

Kohnen, M. et al. An array of integrated atom–photon junctions.Nat. Photonics 5, 35–38 (2011).

Kippenberg, T. J., Holzwarth, R. & Diddams, S. A. Microresonator-based optical frequency combs. Science 332, 555–559 (2011).

Spencer, D. T. et al. An optical-frequency synthesizer using integrated photonics. Nature 557, 81–85 (2018).

Li, Q. et al. Stably accessing octave-spanning microresonator frequency combs in the soliton regime. Optica 4, 193–203 (2017).

Kim, S. et al. Dispersion engineering and frequency comb generation in thin silicon nitride concentric microresonators. Nat. Commun. 8, 372 (2017).

Liang, F., Clarke, N., Patel, P., Loncar, M. & Quan, Q. M. Scalable photonic crystal chips for high sensitivity protein detection. Opt. Express 21, 32306–32312 (2013).

Fan, X. D. & White, I. M. Optofluidic microsystems for chemical and biological analysis. Nat. Photonics 5, 591–597 (2011).

Xu, D. X. et al. Folded cavity SOI microring sensors for high sensitivity and real time measurement of biomolecular binding.Opt. Express 16, 15137–15148 (2008).

Jokerst, N. et al. Chip scale integrated microresonator sensing systems. J. Biophotonics 2, 212–226 (2009).

Lin, S. Y. & Crozier, K. B. Trapping-assisted sensing of particles and proteins using on-chip optical microcavities. ACS Nano 7, 1725–1730 (2013).

Thomson, D. et al. Roadmap on silicon photonics. J. Opt. 18, 073003 (2016).

Agrell, E. et al. Roadmap of optical communications. J. Opt. 18, 063002 (2016).

Jahani, S. et al. Controlling evanescent waves using silicon photonic all-dielectric metamaterials for dense integration. Nat. Commun. 9, 1893 (2018).

Doylend, J. K. et al. Two-dimensional free-space beam steering with an optical phased array on silicon-on-insulator. Opt. Express 19, 21595–21604 (2011).

Sun, J., Timurdogan, E., Yaacobi, A., Hosseini, E. S. & Watts, M. R. Large-scale nanophotonic phased array. Nature 493, 195–199 (2013).

Poulton, C. V. et al. Large-scale silicon nitride nanophotonic phased arrays at infrared and visible wavelengths. Opt. Lett. 42, 21–24 (2017).

Yariv, A. & Yeh, P. Photonics: Optical Electronics in Modern Communications. 6th edn, (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2006).

Chrostowski, L. & Hochberg, M. Silicon Photonics Design: From Devices to Systems. (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2015).

Dakss, M. L., Kuhn, L., Heidrich, P. F. & Scott, B. A. Grating coupler for efficient excitation of optical guided waves in thin films. Appl. Phys. Lett. 16, 523–525 (1970).

Harris, J. H., Winn, R. K. & Dalgoutte, D. G. Theory and design of periodic couplers. Appl. Opt. 11, 2234–2241 (1972).

Dalgoutte, D. G. A high efficiency thin grating coupler for integrated optics. Opt. Commun. 8, 124–127 (1973).

Ogawa, K., Chang, W., Sopori, B. & Rosenbaum, F. A theoretical analysis of etched grating couplers for integrated optics. IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 9, 29–42 (1973).

Taillaert, D., Bienstman, P. & Baets, R. Compact efficient broadband grating coupler for silicon-on-insulator waveguides. Opt. Lett. 29, 2749–2751 (2004).

Van Laere, F. et al. Compact and highly efficient grating couplers between optical fiber and nanophotonic waveguides. J. Lightwave Technol. 25, 151–156 (2007).

Ding, Y. H., Peucheret, C., Ou, H. Y. & Yvind, K. Fully etched apodized grating coupler on the SOI platform with −0.58 dB coupling efficiency. Opt. Lett. 39, 5348–5350 (2014).

Roelkens, G. et al. High efficiency diffractive grating couplers for interfacing a single mode optical fiber with a nanophotonic silicon-on-insulator waveguide circuit. Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 131101 (2008).

Vermeulen, D. et al. High-efficiency fiber-to-chip grating couplers realized using an advanced CMOS-compatible Silicon-On-Insulator platform. Opt. Express 18, 18278–18283 (2010).

Ding, Y. H., Ou, H. Y. & Peucheret, C. Ultrahigh-efficiency apodized grating coupler using fully etched photonic crystals. Opt. Lett. 38, 2732–2734 (2013).

Zaoui, W. S. et al. Bridging the gap between optical fibers and silicon photonic integrated circuits. Opt. Express 22, 1277–1286 (2014).

Chen, X., Li, C., Fung, C. K. Y., Lo, S. M. G. & Tsang, H. K. Apodized waveguide grating couplers for efficient coupling to optical fibers. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 22, 1156–1158 (2010).

Mehta, K. K. & Ram, R. J. Precise and diffraction-limited waveguide-to-free-space focusing gratings. Sci. Rep. 7, 2019 (2017).

Mekis, A. et al. A grating-coupler-enabled CMOS photonics platform. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 17, 597–608 (2011).

Xu, X. C. et al. Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor compatible high efficiency subwavelength grating couplers for silicon integrated photonics. Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 031109 (2012).

Song, J. H. et al. Polarization-independent nonuniform grating couplers on silicon-on-insulator. Opt. Lett. 40, 3941–3944 (2015).

Chen, X., Xu, K., Cheng, Z. Z., Fung, C. K. Y. & Tsang, H. K. Wideband subwavelength gratings for coupling between silicon-on-insulator waveguides and optical fibers. Opt. Lett. 37, 3483–3485 (2012).

Halir, R. et al. Continuously apodized fiber-to-chip surface grating coupler with refractive index engineered subwavelength structure. Opt. Lett. 35, 3243–3245 (2010).

Caiseda, C., Griva, I., Martinez, L., Shaw, K. & Weingarten, D. Numerical optimization technique for optimal design of the n grooves surface Plasmon grating coupler. Procedia Comput. Sci. 29, 2145–2151 (2014).

Michaels, A. & Yablonovitch, E. Inverse design of near unity efficiency perfectly vertical grating couplers. Opt. Express 26, 4766–4779 (2018).

Su, L. et al. Fully-automated optimization of grating couplers. Opt. Express 26, 4023–4034 (2018).

Griva, I., Nash, S. G. & Sofer, A. Linear and Nonlinear Optimization. 2nd edn, (SIAM, Philadelphia, 2009).

COMSOL Multiphysics Acoustic Optimization Model. https://www.comsol.com/model/optimizing-the-shape-of-a-horn-4353https://www.comsol.com/model/optimizing-the-shape-of-a-horn-4353.

COMSOL Multiphysics Reference Manual, Chapter 18: Deformed Geometry and Moving Mesh. version COMSOL Multiphysics® v. 5.2. COMSOL AB, Stockholm, Sweden, 2015, pp. 865–883.

Gill, P. E., Murray, W. & Saunders, M. A. SNOPT: an SQP algorithm for large-scale constrained optimization. SIAM Rev. 47, 99–131 (2005).

Optimization Module User's Guide, COMSOL Multiphysics® v. 5.2. COMSOL AB, Stockholm, Sweden, 2015.

Balram, K. C. et al. The nanolithography toolbox. J. Res. Natl Inst. Stand. Technol. 121, 464–475 (2016).

浏览量

Downloads

CSCD

文章被引用时，请邮件提醒。

Submit

工具集

关联资源

暂无数据